Define Individualism And Explain Its Importance Within Liberal Ideology

The liberal ideology is formed on several ideologies. Individualism is considered one of the most crucial. It's involved in most liberal characteristics like freedom, the economy and the role of the state. But there is notable division between modern and classic liberalists as to what it focuses on with modern liberalists focusing on individuality and classics believe in utilitarianism and and social darwinism. However it is widely agreed that individualism is a key concept within liberal ideology.Firstly, to discuss the importance of individualism, it must be defined. Individualism is the social theory favouring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control. Essentially the belief that the individual is more important than the social group. This is then split further into methodological individualism where the individual is placed at the centre of political theory and ethical individualism where moral priority is given to the interests of the individual.One plac e where individualism plays a key role within liberalism is in the role of the state. This appears in the form of a constitutional government that liberal thinkers view as essential with two other aspects to guarantee individualism. The first is the separation of powers where capability would be disbanded between various parts of government in order to prevent a focused centre of power which would be able to destroy individual freedom. The second is a limited government, where the state is only given enough powers necessary to allow individuals to follow their own eccentric pursuits. Therefore it can be see individualism plays an important role in liberals ideology as liberal government is designed to protect this. John Locke sums this up as ‘the state that governs least is the state that governs best'.Another place where individualism is important within liberal ideology is with regard to the financial market. This became prominent through the thinkings of Ricardo and Smith ( writer of the wealth of nations). They believed that the individual should be enabled to act in their own interests  and this will therefore benefit society overall. This will in theory therefore promote freedom, well-being and prosperity. More recently, John Maynard Keynes put forward the requirement of demand management – that the government should inject money into the economy to ensure the individual can still act in their own interests.Individualism also plays a crucial part in the opinion of freedom within liberal ideology. It is not total freedom but freedom under the state and the rule of law. It warrants for people to develop their own abilities and ambitions. John Locke, a 17th century philosopher considered freedom of the individual to be a natural right.Modern liberals have moved away towards individuality, by suggesting life is about more than a selfish pursuit of ones own joys. John Stuart Mills expressed the desire of individuals to achieve self-realisation a nd autonomy, through ‘high' pleasures, which consist of intellectual and moral pursuits in comparison with ‘low' pleasures which are crude pleasures including activities such as promiscuity, drinking and gambling. This may suggest individualism has less of a role in modern liberalism because there's less focus on the simple pleasures that a classical liberalist would conform to.Classical liberals have an atomistic view of the individual, due to ideas such as Social Darwinism, that the hard-working and talented would survive and the lazy would fail. Spencer stressed this, and the importance of the individual responsibility. Utilitarianism is also a key concept within classical thinking on individualism, the idea that the proper course of action is the one that maximises utility. Bentham suggested this was key as individuals ought to be allowed to follow their own happiness. The focus and analysis of political theorists on what individualism should be shows its importance. To summarise, it is clear that individualism is greatly important in liberal ideology, particularly in the opinion of classical liberalists. In classical liberalism individualism takes a more pivotal role within most aspects of their ideals. However in modern liberalism individualism is slightly more subdued due to the state's larger role. Overall individualism can be seen to play an important role within liberalism as a whole.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Development

Erik Erikson outlines eight stages in the psychosocial development of a healthy human being, in which the stages are characterized by conflicts. The ego is at the center of all these developments (Wagner, 2005). Infancy This stage is from birth up to 18 months. During this time, the child's ego develops trust and the central figure in his universe is his mother. How he trusts or mistrusts those around him will depend on his maternal relationship. The child's experience at this stage could help mold how he will interact with people in his adult life.In the movie â€Å"Psycho (1960),† Norman only had his mother since birth. They were very close that he considers her his only friend. Norman was not weaned from his dependence that he carried it all throughout his adulthood. When his parent found a new lover, it made Norman so jealous that he killed her. He resolved his guilt by keeping his mother's corpse in the house. Muscular-Anal The second stage in the psychosocial development is from 18 months to three years. At this point of a child's development, Erikson explains that there is a growing sense of independence that is being experienced by the child.It's important for parents to understand the child's need for support because it would tell him that you are there to help develop his capabilities. There would be constant conflict if the parent won't learn to give in to the child. The child experiences conflicting feelings of initiative and doubt at this point. Psychosocial Development 2 The movie â€Å"Baby Geniuses,† shows a bunch of toddlers who are being kept in a lab so that researchers would understand a universal secret. However, the toddler Sly is showing off his independence by wanting to escape from the lab, and to which he actually succeeds.His escape is just the start of a series of antics that toddlers have to do in order to stop the designs of an evil scientist. Play Age The child at this point, from three to six years old, is already l earning basic skills and how to master the things around him. The child displays initiative and the courage to complete tasks. He also shows the capacity to make decisions for himself. At the same time, he may also feel guilty if he is unable to complete something that he wants to do. When the result of his initiative is negative, this may make the child uneasy and resort to displaying aggressiveness or inhibition.The parents must balance the initiative and guilt by giving the child tasks that are appropriate for his age. In the movie â€Å"300,† Spartans shun deformities and anything that is not perfect in their eyes. As a young boy, Leonides was already trained to prepare himself to become king. Play for them involves fighting and brawling. Early on, he already knew that he must achieve certain tasks to prove his worth. He needed to survive being out in the wilds with only himself to depend on. Leonides was able to overcome the tests and he returned to Sparta as a man. Scho ol AgeIn the school age, from seven to 10 years old, a child has to find balance between doing too much and doing too little. If a child does too many complex tasks, he forgets to have fun like Psychosocial Development 3 other children. But when he gets to do very little, the chance for success is slim. This could result to inferiority. Adults around the child must strike a balance between industry and inferiority in order to mold the child into a competent individual. Without the proper balance, the child will grow up feeling inferior to his peers in terms of social skills.John Nash, the genius from the movie â€Å"A Beautiful Mind,† suffers from inferiority complex as a result of his being aloof during the school age. He preferred academic tasks rather than being with other kids his age. He was always alone. As a result, Nash didn't know how to be close to other people. Nash was not able to resolve the conflict on his own. He talked about his fears and frustrations concerni ng the opposite sex to his roommate. Adolescence Between 10 and 17 years of age, an adolescent is conscious of how others look at him.It is important that at this stage the adolescent is reassured of his worth as a person. An adolescent who receives good familial support will often behave better among his peers. This is the point when the adolescent will be aware of his sexual identity. The adolescent either develops his own identity or be confused about it. The movie â€Å"Boys Don't Cry,† is the story of Brandon Teena who was born a female but chose to become male in high school. This identity change was the result of a sexual assault that Brandon experienced at the hand of a male relative.No one, except his mother, knew that Brandon was female. He dated several girls in high school. Psychosocial Development 4 Young Adulthood The young adult stage, according to Erikson, is between 18 to 40 years old. This is the point where the adult chooses between intimacy or isolation. A t the early part of this stage, the person is interested in friendships and blending his identity with those of his friends. Later on, the young adult becomes ready for an intimate and close relationship with another individual.At the same time, the young adult must understand and not fear isolation because this would come handy in later years. Rejection, break-ups and being alone are things that a young adult must be able to handle. Andy Stitzer, a typical nerd in the movie â€Å"A Forty Year Old Virgin,† is a man who understands being alone. He has never been in an intimate relationship with another person. He was finally convinced to become intimate with a girl by his friends. This leads to Andy welcoming more people in his life and gaining new friends and acquaintances. Middle AdulthoodThe middle adulthood stage comes when a person reaches 40 years old and ends at 65 years old. At this point, the person is either driven by the need to become a guide to the younger generat ion or be complacent and let the years keep him in stagnation. Tony Starks, or the â€Å"Iron Man,† is a 40 something arms manufacturer who had a change of heart after his captivity. He became engaged in correcting the mistakes he made in the past to preserve the world for the future generations. Instead of making arms to increase his wealth, he turned into a superhero to save those in need.Psychosocial Development 5 Late Adulthood From 65 years onwards, the person enters the late adulthood phase. During these years, the person looks back on the past years and evaluates the kind of life he lived. From this, the person will either feel that he has live a life of integrity, or he will be in despair (Clifton & Davis, 1995) . If there is gladness for the good times, acceptance for what could not be, and forgiveness for mistakes, then the person will be at peace and become prepared for whatever the years are yet to bring.But for the person who does not learn to accept and forgive, he has a tendency to suffer depression. Edward Cole, a billionaire in the movie â€Å"Bucketlist,† had lived a life of eccentricity and isolation. But after he was diagnosed with cancer in his later years, Cole became friends with another cancer patient Carter Chambers. The two embarked on a life-changing journey, which turned Cole into a better person. By accepting his mistakes and doing something about them, Cole was able to enjoy the last of his days, free from guilt and other burdens. ReferencesChild Development Institute, LLC. Stages of Social-Emotional Development In Children and Teenagers. Retrieved August 24, 2008, from http://www. childdevelopmentinfo. com/development/erickson. shtml Clifton, A. , & Davis, D. (1995). Psychosocial Theory: Erikson. Haverford Home Page. Retrieved August 24, 2008, from http://www. haverford. edu/psych/ddavis/p109g/erikson. stages. html Wagner, K. V. (2005). Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development. About. com: Psychology. Retrieved August 24, 2008, from http://psychology. about. com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/psychosocial_3. htm

Biz Ethics Essay Research Paper Business Ethics

Biz Ethics Essay, Research Paper : Business Ethical motives at Work Writer: Elizabeth Vallance Publisher: Cambridge University Press Date Published: January 1990 This book is a practical usher to a topic straight relevant to modern-day behavior for pupils of concern and management.It offers a determination theoretical account to assist in the devising of ethical picks, and bases its ethical model steadfastly on the nature of concern itself. Title: Current Issues in Business Ethical motives Writer: Peter W. Davies Publisher: Routledge Date Published: September 1997 In this aggregation of essays, current issues in concern moralss are explored and discussed by taking governments in the field. Title: Defining Moments: When Directors Must Choose between Right and Right Writer: Joseph L. Badaracco Publisher: Harvard Business School Publishing Date Published: August 1997 Explores the inquiry of whether one can regulate innocently in a concern universe where personal moralss may interfere with the demands of the organisation. The writer draws on three director instance surveies, literature, and moral philosophers such as Machiavelli, Nietzsche, and Marcus Aurelius to discourse ways in which directors can believe about ethical quandary in their work life. : Business Ethical motives at Work Writer: Elizabeth Vallance Publisher: Cambridge University Press Date Published: January 1990 This book is a practical usher to a topic straight relevant to modern-day behavior for pupils of concern and management.It offers a determination theoretical account to assist in the devising of ethical picks, and bases its ethical model steadfastly on the nature of concern itself. Title: Current Issues in Business Ethical motives Writer: Peter W. Davies Publisher: Routledge Date Published: September 1997 In this aggregation of essays, current issues in concern moralss are explored and discussed by taking governments in the field. Title: Defining Moments: When Directors Must Choose between Right and Right Writer: Joseph L. Badaracco Publisher: Harvard Business School Publishing Date Published: August 1997 Explores the inquiry of whether one can regulate innocently in a concern universe where personal moralss may interfere with the demands of the organisation. The writer draws on three director instance surveies, literature, and moral philosophers such as Machiavelli, Nietzsche, and Marcus Aurelius to discourse ways in which directors can believe about ethical quandary in their work life.

Mini Essay on how directors effectively use pathos to create a

Mini on how directors effectively use pathos to create a persuasive film - Essay Example The use pathos in the film is manifested across the film; the commentator interesting takes fast food literary while suggesting that fast food is not healthy. Certainly, this is a rhetorical twist that is compounded by sarcasm of the freedom to choose what to eat. The director of the film brings out the issues of failure to take personal initiative to control what they take. While option of exercising and dieting are open to the citizens, others rhetorically believe that the government should regulate fast food outlets. The use of overweight artists in the film that takes the fast foods throughout the film creates figurative creativity.The director uses visual stimuli to pass the message in total regard to the real acts of the participants of the film and eating habits. In addition, the message that obesity is one of the emerging public health concerns is overt. The fact that the commentator describes the physically fit persons in the film as skinny is an act of rhetoric and sarcasm to the fast food eaters. Rhetorically, a physically fit couple admits that they cannot do without fast foods. In an interview, with a parent a child is seen feeding on the fast food while the parents are not seen eating these foods. In addition, the use of pathos is evident in the film where one of the serving plates is written "mindless eating" certainly, this is the rhetorical presentation of this controversial topic. In addition, the author intention to present fast food eating as insensible eating is founded and compounded throughout the film sarcasm in images of obese persons. While eating fast, food appears unhealthy; the director presents craving of the food as the primary motivator to those who love this diet. Besides, the use of pathos better explains the irresponsible personal choices on the food while blaming food production firms. In addition, the

Ethical issues in the treating Obstructive Sleep Apnea with EXercise Research Paper

Ethical issues in the treating Obstructive Sleep Apnea with EXercise independently - Research Paper Example The increasing in OSA prevalence had motivated researchers to create over 400 studies regarding this disorder in a time frame of five or more years (Vanhecke, 2008). There are various surgical and/or non-surgical interventions which the disorder of OSA can be treated (Kline et al., 2011; Lam et al., 2007). CPAP is the most common non-surgical effective used to treat OSA (Kline et al., 2011). CPAP is considered quite inexpensive in comparison to surgical intervention. However, the problem with CPAP is a poor compliance with CPAP (Kline et al., 2011). Therefore, considering another line for treating OSA may be benefit. Exercise revealed a significant reduction in OSA severity when used as an adjuvant therapy (Netzer et al., 1997; Norman et al., 2000; Giebelhaus et al., 2000; Ackel-D’ Elia et al., 2011). In contrary, exercise alone reported to be less effective in treating OSA comparing with oral appliance as well as one day without use of CPAP and oral compliance reported in wor sening the OSA severity (Ferguson et al., 2006; Caples et al., 2010; Kribbs et al., 1993). Despite these evidences recently, few researchers utilized exercise independently to treat OSA in a randomize control trial (Kline et al., 2012; Kline et al., 2011; Sengul el at., 2011). ... Furthermore, the most important considerations in looking at the ethics of a research study are the magnitude of the potential harm, the significance of the knowledge to be learned, the likelihood that the research will produce such knowledge, and the methods chosen to minimize the potential harm to the subjects. This paper critically discusses and analyzes the ethical considerations for subject’s involvement in research that utilized exercise independently in treating OSA, focusing on autonomy, justice, beneficence, and non-maleficence. Cure of OSA: The effects of ‘Obstructive Sleep Apnea have been evaluated to be harmful today more than ever before†. Patient realizes in severe cases that their controls over his/her sleep or rest condition is growing enfeebled with time. For psychologists it is a major cause of contorted dream pattern and has adverse effects on patient’s personality. Many people are not aware of this disease unless mention and repeated comp laint with the partner is made. In severe cases the patient himself feels too much perturbed with the disturbance that cause choking of the breathing. Obstructive Sleep Apnea is akin to the hamsters where calm conditions for rest are not achieved. Obstructive Sleep Apnea is often caused due to the relaxation of the throat’s soft tissue to such a level that it collapses causing airway blockage. The slack which in this type of unconscious can be harmful has been observed with a varying degree of treatments (MacDonald). Accentuating Exercise for the Treatment of OSA: Interestingly, Obstructive Sleep Apnea is linked with snoring because of having same causes as far as physiological construct and disposition is concerned. Many studies have been conducted with proven results. In order to cure Obstructive Sleep

The Causes of World War III Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Causes of World War III - Essay Example For instance, the wake of World War I and World War II showed possibility of World War III. The use and testing of nuclear weapons and the commencement of Cold War as well as its development was enough evidence that there could be a possible World War III. This war was planned after anticipation by the civil authorities and military who explored in fiction in various countries. There were ranging concepts of destruction of the planet and even use of atomic weapons. Other leaders such as Podhoretz Norman has suggested that Cold War could be associated with World War III since it was fought on a global scale with United States, NATO, Warsaw Pact, and Soviet Union countries who provided military, political and economic support. However, World War III is today a popular culture and those who could start it forms perennial topics of discussion. Authors have talked about possible causes of the World War III while others have strongly disagreed and criticized. This paper therefore seeks to discuss why Wright Mills thought there could be World War III and the reason why under, military industrial complex that created elite in the United States trying to take power over, Ted Goertzel does not agree with Mill on his concept of the causes of the Third World War. According to Wright Mills, there were dire warnings on the imminence of the Third World War in the 1950s. As the world faces the nuclear weapons introduction, other critical authors as well as Wright Mills have exaggerated the weaknesses of the social civilian forces and the military power in the American society as the major anticipated causes of World War III. Since thirty years after Wright Mills published his book on the causes of the Third World War, there has been assertion of the mass society and the non nuclear conflicts which have remained the primary threats to the peace of the world. Wright Mills thinks in his book that the Third World War may be cause by the likely hood of militarism, arms race, nuclea r war, and the industrial military complex. Peace movements have however made attempts to calm the fears of emergence of World War III. Wright Mills goes ahead to warn that in the history of our instantaneous epoch, there is a likely hood of World War III emerging in the world. Mills believed in the imminence of nuclear catastrophe. In addition, other nuclear pacifists have also predicted occurrence of disaster for quite a long time. There were predictions of short time remaining just before a nuclear night comes to surface. According to Wright Mills, the explosion of the Soviet Union bomb is a likely indication that World War III may take place. He also thinks that the power elites of the Soviet Union and the United states back in the 1950s were thrusting relentlessly and mindlessly drifting towards war. He also developed the analysis’ implications on the survival of the planet and asserting that the power elite of the United States and their counterparts in Kremlin led the media manipulated and indifferent masses down the Armageddon through the primrose path (Ted, 1989). According Wright Mills, the industrial military complex increasingly dominated American life and should be seen in the indicators of the economy. The intervals of military that buildup in the last thirty years such as the Reagan and the Vietnam War years were exceptional and likely to suggest the emergence of the Third World War. Mill says that these two exceptional wars were as a result of political civilian forces. These were associated with ideological and political reasons and not at the military urging. The overwhelming pressure by the public against the military increasing spending may

Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep - Essay Example What it is to be human is a recurring dilemma that the characters in Do Androids Dream? try to make sense of; and through their actions and the plot itself, the author and readers also navigate this problem. Reaction to the world around them, specifically the display of empathy, is seemingly the most definitive marker of the â€Å"humanness† of human beings. However, one finds that by the end of Do Androids Dream?, this assumption has been turned around on its head and back again many times over. Rather than provide an easy template of humanity for us to accept, Dick uses this novel to instead ask the right questions. The most obvious and repeated assumption is that empathy is what differentiates humans from â€Å"andies† – i.e. androids or humanoid robots that have been created in the post-apocalyptic setting of the novel to help in the process of emigration of humans to Mars. This is reflected in the popular religion: â€Å"Mercerism†, the foundation of which lies on an empathetic worldview and the acceptance of collective experience. Even humans who are relegated to the fringes of society because of their low IQ – â€Å"chickenheads† or â€Å"antheads† – also accept this view of the world. ... Isidore’s need for companionship runs so deep that even though he recognizes that the renegade andies are exploiting him when they take cover in his apartment he lets them stay and even tries to protect them from the bounty-hunter. The androids themselves recognize this quality as that elusive human quality that they cannot achieve. Roy Baty, the leader of the rebel androids, despite his scornful demeanor reveals his longing to experience this at several times, exulting ultimately when Mercerism is declared a fraudulent belief system. Empathy-testing is also the most practical way of detecting androids and â€Å"retiring† or killing them before they can pose any harm to the humans remaining on Earth. As later revealed by Deckard’s rival bounty-hunter Philip Resche, tests other than the Voigt-Kampff Empathy Test, are not nearly as successful in identifying androids. This then is the dominant narrative: Humans empathize, androids do not. However, this statement is not as uncomplicated as it may seem. Firstly, there is the question of being able to duplicate this kind of empathy. As the testing of Rachael Rosen in the first instance proves, even Deckard, for a while, is unable to recognize Rachael as an android when he is fed the story about her having been raised on another planet and therefore being not too adept at empathizing with other humans. Deliberate manipulation of the empathy test can also be done by prevaricating, like in Luba Luft’s case. Luft, who is an android, deliberately refuses to answer questions directly to prevent the test from giving accurate results. Secondly, there is also the question of inherent anomalies in this testing system. As Deckard’s boss, Bryant, warns him at the start of his quest for the six

Movie on Social Network Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Movie on Social Network - Essay Example Facebook is one of the most leading social networking websites. According to a survey it has more than 800 million active members. But the Facebook did not come from thin air like that. In fact the idea evolved from Facemash, the predecessor to Facebook. On October 2003, Mark Zuckerberg while attending Harvard as an undergraduate made this site in which pictures of girls from the nine houses, placing two next to each other were compared as hot or not. However, authorities took notice and Mark was charged for violating rules and breaching security. But this incident gave Mark his first recognition. Though initially promising his expert programming skills in making a social network HarvadConnections.com to his seniors, Mark changed his mind. And with the help of his friends especially Eduardo Saverin , who was the co founder and did the initial investment, launched â€Å"The FACEBOOK†. During the course time Mark met the entrepreneur Sean Parker, who advised him on various matters. And in summer 2004, base of operations was shifted to California Investors like Peter Theil from PayPal invested in and THE FACEBOOK became FACEBOOK. By that time it had over 300,000 members, 160 schools including 5 in Europe. Various features like relationship status, nonstop server, tagging pictures and the â€Å"wall† were introduced. At this time shares were allotted, Mark 51%, Eduardo 34.4%, and Sean7 % and so on. Later Eduardo 34.4%, were diluted to0 .03% and was thrown out of the company as more companies were coming in, and Sean became the President of the company (Fincher, 2010). Celebrating their millionth member party Sean was caught by the cops on using drugs. At that point, the seniors from Harvard had filed a case in the federal court against the facebook, and claimed that it was initially their idea. Eventually, they received settlement money and signed a non

Write out the best day of your life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Write out the best day of your life - Essay Example It was the day to meet the president of the United States of America. "Do not worry it is just like any other place," stressed my brother as he left for school. There was no room for tension in the mind even though he is the leader of the free world. I had done a painting on the president of the United States and it gained publicity on social media. The president saw the picture and arranged a meeting with the individual behind the work. The cab drove inside the White house and individuals I did not know immediately surrounded me. I was shocked and they convinced me it was their work to ensure that the president is safe. Big burly men who then led me inside a room escorted me inside the White House. They closed the door on their way out, and to my surprise, the president was there. I took deep breaths of fresh air and approached him. It was an amazing feeling to meet the president of the United States of

Critical response for spelling bee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical response for spelling bee - Essay Example The words in the script are hilarious; therefore the feedback from the audience only depends on how the actors just portray their characters and how the other elements on the stage coordinate with each other. After watching the performance, it seems like the playwright intends to provoke a light and interactive feeling between the actors and the audience. Empathy is prioritized than aesthetic distance, meaning the audience’s general response with the story must be more of involvement. On the other hand, the technical aspect of the performance corresponds to the stage elements. First is to evaluate the stage background. The stage background is a wall made of bricks installed with bulletins displaying protocols that must be followed inside the school. Along with these bulletins is the basketball ring board implying one of the activities at which students usually participate. Considering this view, it can be concluded that the background is sufficient enough to describe the setting of the story. Next to consider are the props or the properties of the stage. The props set on stage include the essential components of a typical classroom such as the chairs and the professor’s table. A trophy placed on top on the table located at the center of the stage is satisfactory to describe that the plot is all about competition between the characters. The position of the props specifically the arrangement of the chairs and the tables are definitely right to control the bl ocking of actors during the performance. The only conflicts that can be observed in the stage are the messy bottles of water used by the actors to quench their thirst and the monochromatic lighting pattern. The dim-focus lighting effect is not sufficient to support the dialogues of the actors at certain scenes. Overall, at this point, it can be deduced that the stage manager of the production is well informed in this type of craft. To complete this assessment, the

Commandment Relation to Christ-like Love Essay Example for Free

Commandment Relation to Christ-like Love Essay The commandment I choose which displays three types of Christ-like love is the 8th commandment, Thou shall not steal. The first type of Christ-like love that the commandment Thou shall not steal displays is desiring what is the best for others. Stealing is something that is very wrong. For example, if someone is angry at someone, they might express their anger by stealing their belongings. This is not right. Someone can just approach the person they are angry at, and tell them how they feel about the situation. This is much better for others instead of stealing. The second type of Christ-like love that the commandment Thou shall not steal displays is that it is an emotion and decision. Stealing is a decision that is made when people go through various types of emotions. Some emotions include anger, frustration, mad, stressed, etc. When someone feels like this, they might feel like stealing someones belongings . By making the decision not to steal, it will make someone feel a different type of emotion. They will feel proud because they know that they are doing the right decision instead of doing something bad. Nevertheless, this is why the commandment Thou shall not steal is an emotion and decision. The third type of Christ-like love that the commandment Thou shall not steal displays is walking away from harm. Depending on what is stolen, it can be considered a crime. Nevertheless, anytime of stealing is wrong, no matter how valuable the item is. For example, if someone stole a top from The Gap store, it is considered a crime. In addition to this wrong crime, if someone steals a pencil from a teachers desk it is just as wrong. Even though the pencil isnt as valuable as a top, any type of stealing causes harm. When walking away from this, it saves harm for both the stealer and the victim. Both people will not be involved in any type of stealing situation when showing the Christ-like love of walking away from harm.

Strategy Essay Example for Free

Strategy Essay The word strategy is derived from an ancient Greek word that means to guide or to move. For almost 40 years strategic planning is used as a formalized business process. However, majority of organizations still does not know how to do strategic planning effectively. Because of which most strategic plans fails to accomplish what it was developed for and have no effect on organization and its operations. Due to the recent studies and researches made, awareness has been created among large as well as small organizations towards the development of strategy for effectively achieving the objectives. Strategy is developed to formulate, implement and evaluate the decisions, which enables the organization to achieve its objectives. The success of companies such as Yahoo, eBay and Google are the example of pursuing a clear positioning-based or resource-based strategy with conviction and excelled by changing to keep in tune with the demands of shifting markets and flourishing despite of operating in markets previously considered difficult. The success of the above mentioned organizations also emphasized the need to develop a sound strategy in order to survive in the competitive business environment today. Strategy making determines the long term goals and objectives of the organization and adoption of a course of action to efffectively allocate the resources to achieve such goals and objective. In order to make this process of strategic development smooth and effective the commitment from highest organizational hierarchy is required and also the strategic-planning team should be composed of top-level managers who can represent the interests, concerns and opinion of all member of the organization. Failure to obtain senior management involved right from the start may lead to failure to obtain sufficient company resources for accomplishing task. It is strategy that enables a company to reach its maximum potential by adapting with its environment effectively and answers the three basic questions that every organization faces: What to do? For whom to do? How to do? The answer to above three questions are determined by a three phased strategy development process which involves assessment of situation, setting organization’s objectives and planning the details to achieve the objectives. Assessment involves performance of both external and internal situational analysis, self evaluation and competitor analysis at micro-environmental and macro-environmental level. All business decisions taken are based on organizational and personal values, therefore the strategy should be developed after analysing the organizational and personal values. It allows the strategy development team to have a broader view of organization and its functioning and also includes the analysis of organization’s structure and culture, operating philosophy , personal and organizational values and stake holders. This value assessment is also important because if the strategy plan is not based on the functioning of organization and any party in the organization feels that their values have been neglected they will not adopt the strategy and thus the potential benefits will not be obtained. Moreover, at this phase, an indept analysis of organization’s internal strengths and weaknesses alongwith the external opportunities and threats are made, which is also known as swot analysis. Understanding of strengths and weaknesses of organization’s resources allows the development team allocate the resources effectively and effeciently and enables them to strengthen the organizations resource base for future. Within the organization there are many key areas that need to be analyzed and addressed. It includes the identification of existing line of business as well as the unused resources, effectiveness of controls over the operations. The external investigation should be made towards current and future state of affairs of the competitors, suppliers, markets and customers, economic trends and regulatory bodies. Furthermore, analysis of competitors will enable the strategy development team to define the basis on which business will compete. Such competition depends on company’s capabilities, strengths, and weaknesses in market as compared to that of their competitors. According to Michael Porter, a Harvard Business School professor, competition within an industry is driven by five basic factors such as: Threat of new entrants that probably reduces the high profits, Threat of substitute products or services that can reduce the demand of the organizations product significantly, Bargaining power of suppliers can increase the cost of production, Bargaining power of buyers may force the organization to cut down the prices to maintain their market share and Rivalry among existing firms may result in wastage of resources. Porter also indicates that, in response to these five factors, competitive strategy can take one of the three generic forms: Focus, Differentiation and Cost leadership. The reason why strategic plans fail at this stage is failure of strategy development team to understand their customers that what their needs are and the reason why they buy and inadequate marketing research. Another reason for such failure is the inability of strategy development team or management to predict their competitor’s counter strategies such as price wars and fighting brands and actions taken by government in such circumstances [5]. The second phase of the strategy development process involves the setting of goals and objectives for the organization. Goals are the desired future state of organization , which are derived from from the vision and mission statements and are consistent with oranizational culture, ethics and regulatory requirements. Goals are quantifiable and are to be achieved within a specified time period, there should be no confusions regarding the goals and ideally there should be one well defined goal. Objectives are the short term intermediate/secondary goals that are achieved in order to achieve the primary goals. In order to set the objectives effectively objectives are needed to be categorized, prioritized, balanced, limited, quantified and must be challenging and attainable as well. In order to clarify what the management targets are strategy development team will categorize the objectives and targets will be based on the categories made. Some broad categories where an organization wishes to set their business strategy could be: Financial, Operations, Sales and Marketing, Human resource, Community. Financial objective may be set to measure profitability like: gross profit, operating profits or return on investments. Operational objectives might measure efficiency, productivity or cost reductions [7]. Sales and Marketing objectives may be in terms of sales volume, sales growth or market share. Human resource objectives might be the measure of employee benefits, employee satisfaction or employee turnover. Finallly the social or community objective might be the compliance with laws rearding environmental hazards, equal opportunity employment. The order in which managers generally prioritize their objectives is based on the hierarchy of objectives, that is it is the order in which they care about things. It is this behaviour that causes goal conflict between two different departments within an organization [12]. For example sales department want to maximize their profit and the usually achieve their targets by raising prices which is in conflict to the objectives of production department, therefore strategy development team must consider the objectives which are confliccting in nature and involve senior management of all departments in order to minimize goal conflict. There should be balance in setting goals, if more attention is given to particular areas only there will be a problem when communicating goals to people in organization. Those who are not considered in the objectives will be less motivated and for successful achievement of objectives efforts of all the people in organization is required. strategy development team should consider gaining the commitment of employees who might otherwise ask about their benefit. Further more, care is required for not setting to many objectives and quantification. Setting many objective results in wasting time when setting such many objectives and also shifts focus away from high prirority targets, which results in loss of resources. Objectives should be quantified, that is when objectives are accomplished it should be measurable in order to know whether they are successfully accomplished. More importantly, it should be clear to every one that how much effort is required which is measured when targets are achieved [3]. Quantifying objectives depends on the category of the objective, that is Financial, Sales and Marketing objectives are the easiest to quantify. Whereas, quantifying customer satisfaction is not possible in many cases although number of complaints can be counted or total defective products can be measured [14]. Finally, objective should be challenging and, at the same time, attainable. Strategy development team must know the capabilities of employees of the organization and this fact must be considered when objective is given to them. People in organization should understand that accomplishment of the objective requires that it should be done but such objective should be achievable. During this phase strategy plans fails because of over estimation of resource competence that the staff and other resources were unable to handle the new strategy or the required level of managerial skills were not developed. Coordination failure due to inadequate reporting or rigid organization structure is another reason for such failure. Another problem is failure to obtain employee commitment, when strategies are not properly explained to them or new strategy lack incentives given to the customer. The final phase is the implementation of strategic plan after which it is put to work for an organization. The success of the plan is the support of every member of the organization, which is possible due to the involvement of senior management from the beginning of strategy development process [4]. After acceptance, implementation of the strategic plan into daily activities increases the chances that others will do the same. Strategic plan can be implemented by allocating sufficient resources in the form of financial support, support should also be provided by the higher management personnel in the form of provision of company’s resources that are necessary, proper technical and technological support should be given for successful implementation of the developed strategy. Structure of the organization should be in accordance with the strategy that is; either there could be chain of command or cross-functional teams in the organization. Resposibilities should be assigned only to the individuals or groups that are qualified for that particular task or process. Each and every process should be controlled effectively which includes monitoring of results, comparing the results with the organization’s as well as industry standards, effective and efficient use of resources must be evaluated and required adjustments should be made to the processes in order to contol the variances. One tool available for this purpose is making GAP analysis to to identify the methods for closing the performance gap (variations). Such analysis must be done, without making it much complicated, by simply investigating the differences in achieved results and the the desired results. Feasibility of removing the deviations can be made by evaluating the answers of two questions that what is required to be done and what is not required to be done [8]. Thus for implementing such programs, required resources must be acquired, there should be proper process development and training anlog with their testing and documentation. One another way to successfully implement the strategic plan is advertising. The more the employees hear about the plan, its element and success along with the plan, the greater will be the possibility of adopting it as a part of daily work. It became more significant if the benefits offered are measurable [6]. A sound strategy development process should also prepare a contingency plan and the reason for such planning is to make a reactionary plan for unanticipated high impact events† [2]. Contingency plan identifies the indication that calls for the need to reevaluate the applicability and effectiveness of current strategy. In such events high level of monitoring must be and immediate action should be taken. The reason why strategic plans collapse is a definite redirection from the initial plan, primarily because, as the time passes by there is a major change in direction from the one, which was set at the initiation stage. Since the implementation is a key to proper supervision, not tracking the progress of plan and no accountability on non-compliance is another reason for such failure. One other reason of not successfully implementing the plan is failure to manage change, as strategy development team did not do proper planning, as there may be inadequate understanding of internal resistance to change and failure to understand the relationship between processes, technology and organization. Not making the contingency plan is also another reason for the failure to successful achievement of objective because; in case of unforeseen circumstances no body will be able to run the alternative procedures, which would have been available if contingency planning was done. In short strategy is developed to achieve the organization’s objective by formulating and implementing decisions. Strategy determines the long term objectives and goals and also allocates the resources more effectively. Involvement of senior management make process of strategy making more effective and smooth. Strategy making not only considers the three basic questions regarding the operations of organization but also give answer to these question. Strategy development process is a three phased process in which first the assessment of situation is made considering the environmental, internal and external challenges, then setting objectives by keeping in view the assessed circumstances and the requirements and then finally ways in which such objectives can be achieved by implementing the plans made by strategy department.

Effect of hydration on blood pressure

Effect of hydration on blood pressure Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Water is the key to all life; without it, life as we know it would not exist. So it is natural to believe that hydration should have an effect on blood pressure and heart rate, considering our heart is also one of the keys to our life as humans. So we will be testing what affect hydration has on blood pressure and heart rate, if any. Blood pressure is the pressure of the blood within our arteries. The measurement is recorded as the systolic pressure (pressure when heart contracts) over the diastolic pressure (pressure when the heart is relaxed). (Weedman, Sokoloski 2009)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A study was done at Franz-Volhard Clinical research center that examined how water drinking affected blood pressure in the body. The results showed that drinking 500mL of water increased patients blood pressure and also increased heart rate (Schroeder 2002). Although it was only a slight increase, it still had an affect on the pressure and heart rate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jens Jordan also did a study on how water affects blood pressure and found that the older the patient was the more of an effect drinking water had on blood pressure. In fact, in some of the younger patients drinking water had no effect at all. However, when the water did have an effect it increased blood pressure every single time. Some of the reasons for this increase, Jordan describes, are because water and plasma have different osmolarities (concentration of solute vs. solution), the pressure in the blood increases. Also, water may cause different plasma concentrations in the blood which would also cause an increase in blood pressure (Jordan 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rats and humans are very alike organisms. Our bodies both function and are made similarly. So when David Belanger and Samuel M. Feldman did a study on the effects of water deprivation on rats, we can predict that something similar may happen in humans. The rats heart rates decreased the longer they were dehydrated (Belanger and Feldman 1962). The study did not test what hydrating the rats would do, but since the heart rates decreased without water, it is possible that they would increase with water.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One reasonable explanation of why dehydration affects blood pressure is due to the tightening of blood vessels. The volume of blood in the blood vessels and veins of the body will begin to lessen when water is drawn from them. As a result, the vessels and veins will contract in order to stay full of blood (otherwise there is extra space, leaving room for gas to build up). This contracting results in high tension, or high blood pressure (Healthy-water-best-filters).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I hypothesize that hydration will affect blood pressure and heart rate. I predict that the blood pressure and heart rate will increase. The significance of this experiment is determining how hydration affects blood pressure and heart rate. It is important to know this because high blood pressure is a dangerous condition, and many people suffer from it. If hydration can affect blood pressure (and heart rate) in a good way, it may produce many ways to help keep blood pressure and heart rate at a healthy state. Materials and Methods   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, the variable to be tested (hydration) was decided by the class and a question to test was determined. The dependent variable was blood pressure and heart rate (beats per min). The independent variable was hydration (and time). Basal readings (resting blood pressure and heart rate) for each student were used from the last experiment. Each student did not drink any water over the duration of the class (about 2.5 hours), and at the end of class, each student drank roughly 16oz of water. Each person recorded their blood pressure and heart rate at time zero by using their basal BP and HR from the past experiments. Immediately after drinking the water, a partner began timing the other partner. Every three minutes each partner measured their partners blood pressure (systolic/diastolic pressure) and heart rate (beats per min) using a digital sphygmomanometer (which expressed both heart rate and blood pressure). A measurement was taken every three minutes for 12 min utes. There were 13 groups who gathered data, so 26 total students data was obtained and put into excel. Averages, T-Tests, and ranges were then attained and analyzed. (Weedman, Sokoloski 2009) Results   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After all 26 students in the class drank about 16oz of water, each found a partner and started to record the blood pressure and heart rate of each other every 3 minutes for 12 minutes. The data for each student was obtained and analyzed in an excel spreadsheet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The basal readings (resting rate) for blood pressure (systolic/diastolic pressure) for all 26 students ranged from 83/57 to 158/105. After every student took three basal readings, the averages for each basal reading were taken, and all three averages were averaged at 108/69. The blood pressures at time zero ranged from 91/58 to 175/134. After the outliers were removed, the average for time zero was 117/74. At 3 minutes, the blood pressures ranged from 86/63 to 157/117 and the average was 111/69 after outliers were removed. At 6 minutes, the blood pressures ranged from 85/52 to 150/75 and the average was 109/70 after outliers were removed. At 9 minutes, the blood pressures ranged from 91/53 to 140/80 and the average was 116/75 after outliers were removed. At 12 minutes, the blood pressures ranged from 91/59 to 137/69 and the average was 113/70 after outliers were removed. After performing a T-Test, we can determine that the data is significant (the result of the te st was 0.33). (Table 2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Graph 2 illustrates how the systolic and diastolic pressures didnt change over time. After drinking 16oz of water, the blood pressure was not affected at all. The slope of the trendline for average systolic pressure is -0.1. We can determine that this is extremely close to zero. Its not enough of a slope to say that the systolic pressure decreased at all. The slope of the trendline for average diastolic pressure is -0.07. Again, this is close enough to zero to determine that there was no change in diastolic pressure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The heart rate basal readings for all 26 students ranged from 53 beats per minute (bpm) to 122 bpm. The overall average basal reading for heart rate was 76.57 bpm. At time zero, the heart rates ranged from 44 bpm to 116 bpm and the average was 69.5 bpm after outliers were removed. At 3 min, the heart rates ranged from 52 bpm to 106 bpm and the average was 67.25 bpm once outliers were removed. At 6 min, the heart rates ranged from 51 bpm to 108 bpm and the average was 66.3 bpm once the outliers were removed. At 9 min, the heart rates ranged from 55 bpm to 116 bpm and the average was 68.67 bpm once outliers were removed. At 12 min, the heart rates ranged from 42 bpm to 100 bpm and the average was 69.33 bpm once outliers were removed. (Table 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Graph 1 illustrates the changes in the heart rate over the 12 minutes. From 0 to 6 minutes, the heart rate decreases by 3.2 bpm, but from 6 to 12 minutes, the heart rate increases by 3.03 bpm. However, since the average basal reading was 76.57 bpm, we can see that after drinking water, the heart rate immediately decreased by 7.07 bpm, and didnt recover after the 12 minutes. Since we didnt measure recovery rate, we dont know how long it took the body to recover. Discussion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I hypothesized that hydration would affect blood pressure and heart rate. I predicted that hydration would cause the blood pressure and heart rate to increase. The data did not completely support my hypothesis and prediction. Hydration did not affect blood pressure, but it did affect heart rate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Graph 2 illustrates that once students drank 16oz of water their blood pressure was not affected. The slopes of both of the trendlines for systolic and diastolic pressures were extremely close to zero, showing that the blood pressures did not change due to hydration. Although the pressures increased a bit from the basal readings, it still follows the trend of the graph, and would not affect the trendlines. So we determine that hydration did not affect blood pressure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Graph 1 illustrates that heart rate was affected by hydration. From time zero to 6 minutes, the average heart rate decreased by 3.2 bpm. From 6 to 12 minutes, the heart rate increased by 3.03 bpm. These increases and decreases of the heart rate are very close to each other. If we measured heart rate longer, we would be able to determine if this was a pattern or not. With the amount of data we have, its hard to determine if this is a significant increase and decrease. However, from the average basal reading of 76.57 bpm (Table 1) to the reading at time zero, there was an average decrease of 7.07 bpm. Compared to the other decrease in the graph, this is a much larger one. So we can conclude that hydration does affect heart rate, but only for a brief period of time. It decreases heart rate immediately, but after about 6 minutes, the heart rate begins to increase again. We cant determine if the heart rate is recovering because we didnt measure until the rate completel y recovered. So we can only conclude from our data that hydration decreases heart rate for about 6 minutes, and then it begins to recover.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An alternative hypothesis for the effect of hydration on blood pressure and heart rate would be that it would not affect blood pressure, and it would affect heart rate. The results of the study conducted at Franz-Volhard Clinical research center do not match the results we got in our experiment. They discovered that hydration increased both blood pressure and heart rate (Schroeder 2002). Our study showed that hydration does not affect blood pressure, but it does increase heart rate (for a certain period of time). Jens Jordans study, however, supports our results. In some of the younger patients in his study, hydration had no effect on blood pressure. But in the older patients, blood pressure increased (Jordan 2002). Since the patients of our experiment are all young, our results match Jordans. The study done my David Belanger and Samuel M. Feldman was conducted with rats, not humans and was the effect that dehydration has on heart rate. Their results showed that t he longer the rats were dehydrated, the more the heart rates decreased (Belanger and Feldman 1962). I predicted that since the heart rates decreased without water, they would increase with water. Since the experiments and variables were a little different, its hard to compare the results of our experiment with theirs. But, my prediction that was based on their experiment was not supported by our data.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have identified several weaknesses in our experimental setup. If the amount of time allowed to measure the blood pressure and heart rate were extended, we could have determined when the blood pressure and heart rate recovered, and that would have helped with the analysis of our data immensely-especially the heart rate. We may have been able to determine if the heart rate actually did decrease, or if it was just a pattern that the body and heart have naturally. So recovery time would have helped with the significance of our data, as well as the analysis. Also, our data might have been more accurate with a larger group of people. More people would have solidified our data as more accurate. Works Cited Belanger, David, and Samuel M. Felman. 1962. â€Å"Effects of water deprivation upon heart rate and instrumental activity in the rat.† Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 55. â€Å"Dehydration And Blood Pressure Are Linked. Treat HBP with Water!† Dehydration symptoms= Sickness. Chronic Dehydration,Treatment, Hydration. 31 Jan. 2010. . Jordan, Jens. 2002. â€Å"Acute effect of water on blood pressure.† Mini-Symposium: Review Article. Schroeder, Christoph, Victoria E. Bush, Lucy J. Norcliffe, Friedrick C. Luft, Jens Tank, Jens Jordan, and Roger Hainsworth. 2002. â€Å"Water Drinking Acutely Improves Orthostatic Tolerance In Healthy Subjects.† Clinical Investigation and Reports. Weedman, Donna, and Erica Smith Sokoloski. Biology of Organisms: A Laboratory Manual for LIFE103. Vol. 5E. Mason: Cengage Learning, 2009.

Decay of the Roman Empire :: Ancient Rome Roman History

Decay of the Roman Empire Edward Gibbon says the decay of Rome was inevitable. He writes that instead of inquiring why the Roman Empire was destroyed, it is surprising that it subsisted so long. Gibbons' argument comes down to four major arguments, divided into rulership, the abuse of Christianity, the expansion of the Barbarians, and finally the loss of the Roman military power. Edward Gibbon was one of the greatest English historians of the late 1700's. His father entered him in Magdalen College, University of Oxford but shortly after his enrollment in 1753 he decided to convert to Roman Catholicism. Magdalen college only accepted Anglicans so he was barred from the school. His father then sent him to Switzerland, in care of a Calvinist pastor, who by Christmas, 1754, had reconciled him to Protestantism. After many years in Switzerland Gibbon returned home and decided to devote his life to scholarship and writing. In 1764, while visiting Rome, Gibbon decided to write about the city's history. His work The H istory of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire was one of his greatest works and despite the availability of new factual data and a recognition of Gibbon's western Bias, Decline and Fall is still read and enjoyed. In Gibbons first argument of divided rulership, he states that there simply was no central power in the Roman Empire. He writes, "The throne of Constantinople was erected in the East; while the West was still possessed by a series of emperors who held their residence in Italy and claimed their equal inheritance of the legions and provinces. This dangerous novelty impaired the strength, and fomented the vices, of a double reign." (2) As in any historical reference, when one divides their forces it weakens their strength. Gibbons makes this out to be a very important reason for the collapse of Rome. Even thought Constantinople was strong at this time, Gibbon points out that, "The Byzantine court beheld, perhaps with pleasure the disgrace of Rome, and the misfortunes of Italy." Edward Gibbon's second argument, the abuse of Christianity, has much to do with the new virtues of society brought with the new religion. Gibbons states, "The clergy successfully preached the doctrines of patience and pusillanimity; the active virtues of society were discouraged." These active virtues of ambition and power were what made Rome great. "The church and even the state, were distracted by religious factions, whose conflicts were sometimes bloody, and always implacable; the attention of the Emperors were diverted from camps to synods.

Homeless and Alienated in Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot Essay

Homeless and Alienated in Waiting For Godot    Jean-Paul Sartre (1957) once said "Man is condemned to be free; because, once thrown into the world, he is responsible for everything he does." (23) Whether this is good or bad is not an issue, whereas the implications derived from this are profound. Life, in this case, has no fixed purpose, and we are free to give it one; perhaps it is more appropriate to say that we are condemned to give it one, instead. One look at today's western modernized society makes it seem as if we strive to learn about everything and invent the ultimate tool to carry out all conceivable tasks for us (however artificial the task may be.) Writers, like Albert Camus, describe how waiting, or more generally, boredom, causes the individual to put serious effort into thought of questions regarding one's identity. It is easily seen, thus, that with the way our society has developed, it was inevitable that things like the existential philosophical movement and the literary absurdist movement would eme rge from an era of modernism. Perhaps one of the more famous absurdists was the 1969 Nobel Literature Prize winner, Samuel Beckett. His most popular play, 'Waiting For Godot,' is easily classified as an absurdist work by its properties, or lack thereof, as pointed out in a 1955 review of the play: "Beckett defies every known law of playwriting, his play is about nothing... Each Act is interrupted by a big bully and a fool he keeps on a chain... That is all. There is no climax, no sense of anticipation and the situation becomes obvious in the first five minutes." (Barker, qtd. In Butler 22) This reviewer naively added "I think that people are wrong in trying to read a philosophy i... ... us aside, making us feel homeless and alienated no matter where we are or try to go, "For reasons unknown." Works Cited: Astro, Alan (1990). Understanding Samuel Beckett. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. Beckett, Samuel (1954). Waiting for Godot. New York: Grove Press. Beckett, Samuel (1958). Endgame. New York: Grove Press. Beckett, Samuel (1974). First Love and Other Shorts. New York: Grove Press. Butler, L. St. J. (ed.) (1993) Critical Essays on Samuel Beckett. Brookfield: Scolar Press. Jeffares, A. N., & Bushrui, S (Eds.). (1981) York Notes on Waiting for Godot. London: York Press. Sartre, Jean-Paul (1957). Existentialism and Human Emotions. New Jersey: Citadel Press, Inc. Sartre, Jean-Paul (1946). No Exit and Three Other Plays (Vintage 1989) Webster Online Dictionary, (1986) Formatted 1994.

Why You Should Purchase a PC :: essays research papers fc

Why You Should Purchase A PC Computers are capable of doing more things every year. There are many advantages to knowing how to use a computer, and it is important that everyone know how to use them properly. Using the information I have gathered, and my own knowledge from my 12 years of computer experience, I will explain the many advantages of owning a computer and knowing how to use a PC and I will attempt to explain why you should purchase a computer and learn how to use one properly. Webster's New World Compact Dictionary defines a computer as "an electronic machine that performs rapid, complex calculations or compiles and correlates data" ("Computer."). While this definition gives one a very narrow view of what a computer is capable of doing, it does describe the basic ideas of what I will expand upon. We have been living through an age of computers for a short while now and there are already many people world wide that are computer literate. According to Using Computers: A Gateway to Information World Wide Web Edition, over 250 million Personal Computers (PC's) were in use by 1995, and one out of every three homes had a PC (Shelly, Cashman,& Waggoner, 138). Computers are easy to use when you know how they work and what the parts are. All computers perform the four basic operations of the information processing cycle: input, process, output, and storage. Data, any kind of raw facts, is required for the processing cycle to occur. Data is processed into useful information by the computer hardware. Most computer systems consist of a monitor, a system unit which contains the Central Processing Unit (CPU), a floppy-disk drive, a CD-ROM drive, speakers, a keyboard, a mouse, and a printer. Each component takes a part in one of the four operations. The keyboard and mouse are input devices that a person uses to enter data into the computer. From there the data goes to the system unit where it is processed into useful information the computer can understand and work with. Next the processed data can be sent to storage devices or to output devices. Normally output is sent to the monitor and stored on the hard-disk or to a floppy-disk located internal of the system unit. Output can also be printed out through the printer, or can be played through the speakers as sound depending on the form it takes after it is processed. Once you have grasped a basic understanding of the basic parts and operations of a computer, you can soon discover what you can do with computers

Bridge Analysis

The overall goal in completing this project of bridge analyses was to come up with a framework or model of a bridge that is structured in order to meet supreme standards of practicable performance and fortitude. In realizing this goal, in depth research was completed analyzing preceding bridge contests in order to determine which style of bridge withstood numerous tests and has exhibited the best results in terms of its achieving quality of standards.The results of the research study and bridge analysis revealed that the W-shape style of bridge is the most stable and highly favorable model or structure, considering concepts regarding the true truss formation. The design of the W-shape truss enables the walls of the test jig to endure the bridge’s load. Summary Several tests were conducted in order to finalize the design of the W-shape style, including the integration of matching members of the same dimensions, and subsequently the use of three trusses. However, both tests fail ed the standards set regarding member sizes and considerations of geometrical dimensions.In the end, the most favorable conditions were exhibited by the W-shape style designed with two trusses. The Performance Rating and the weight of Load at Failure were obtained from comprehensive analysis of bridges in preceding contests. The former was utilized in order to come up with rough calculations predicting what the Load at Failure will be, while the latter was concluded based on factual evidences that prove how the Performance Rating of the bridge is influenced by the dimensions and figures of the members.The Performance Rating is adjusted by keeping in mind that cross-sectional areas should be proportional to the load to be carried. Interpretations Several trials were conducted in order to test the influence of the main compression members and the member cross-sections to the stability of the bridge. The first trial instituted a bridge design with two main compression members and a cro ss-sectional area with dimensions equal to 8Ãâ€"20 mm. Three brace supports were integrated into the design.The results of the first trial have revealed how the number of brace supports influenced the internal forces acting on the main compression members. To determine how the stability of the bridge is to be maintained while decreasing the load or weight, the reduction of the number of cross-sectional area of the main compression members was conducted. The second trial integrated the addition of bracing members, which changed the displacement values and axial compression on the main compression members.After several trials, putting into consideration the dimensions and figures of the main compression members, the number of brace supports, and the dimensions of the cross-sectional areas in order to decrease the internal forces acting on the main compression members, the reduction of displacement values and axial compression acting on the main compression members, the decrease of th e load or weight, and the sustenance of stability and fortitude of the bridge, the final design constituted main compression members with cross-sections of dimensions that are equal to 8 x 20 mm up to 6 x 10 mm.Conclusion Information obtained from in depth analysis of the results, the final dimensions and structure of the W-bridge, the results of the calculations that will be found at the end of this text utilizing the S-Frame, the bridge is able to withstand increased weight of load in contrast to the results of the calculations obtained through the S-Frame framework.Discrepancies between the result of the trials and calculations, the ideal structure of the bridge, and the actual structure of the bridge, were caused by the inability to follow the supposed dimensions of the members and the location of the forces that are intended to act on the members. The actual design of the bridge, slightly differing from the ideal dimensions and specifications presented on the first table are il lustrated below. Estimated Weight of the Bridge 1 stick – approximately 1 g. 35g.– support 8g. – cross bracing 18g – angled bracings & centre brace 35g – side tension members 85 g – main compression members SUM: 181g (sticks) Weight of Glue Used: approximately 20g or more Weight of Sticks and Glue Combined: approximately 201g or more Estimated Performance Rating & Load Failure Weight of Bridge 201 g. or 0. 443 lbs. Load at Failure 1672 lbs. or 7. 5 KN Performance Rating 3800 lbs/lb Performance Rating = Load at Failure (lbs) = 1672 lbs. = 3774 lbs. Weight of Bridge (lbs) 0. 443 lbs.

Automatic Room Light Controller with Didirectional Visitor Counter

CHAPTER :- 1 Project Overview 1. Introduction Of Project 1. 1 Project Definition: Project title is â€Å"AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER WITH BIDIRECTIONAL VISITOR COUNTER â€Å". The objective of this project is to make a controller based model to count number of persons visiting particular room and accordingly light up the room. Here we can use sensor and can know present number of persons. In today’s world, there is a continuous need for automatic appliances with the increase in standard of living, there is a sense of urgency for developing circuits that would ease the complexity of life.Also if at all one wants to know the number of people present in room so as not to have congestion. This circuit proves to be helpful. 1. 2 Project Overview This Project â€Å"Automatic Room Light Controller with Visitor Counter using Microcontroller is a reliable circuit that takes over the task of controlling the room lights as well us counting number of persons/ visitors in the room v ery accurately. When somebody enters into the room then the counter is incremented by one and the light in the room will be switched ON and when any one leaves the room then the counter is decremented by one.The light will be only switched OFF until all the persons in the room go out. The total number of persons inside the room is also displayed on the seven segment displays. The microcontroller does the above job. It receives the signals from the sensors, and this signal is operated under the control of software which is stored in ROM. Microcontroller AT89S52 continuously monitor the Infrared Receivers, When any object pass through the IR Receiver's then the IR Rays falling on the receiver are obstructed , this obstruction is sensed by the Microcontroller CHAPTER :- 2 BLOCK DIAGRAM AND ITS DESCRIPTION 2. 1Basic Block DiagramEnter Exit Relay Driver A T 8 9 S 5 2 Signal Conditioning Exit Sensor Enter Sensor Light Signal Conditioning Power Supply Fig. 2. 1 Basic Block Diagram 2. 2 Blo ck Diagram Description The basic block diagram of the bidirectional visitor counter with automatic light controller is shown in the above figure. Mainly this block diagram consist of the following essential blocks. 1. Power Supply 2. Entry and Exit sensor circuit 3. AT 89S52 micro-controller 4. Relay driver circuit 1. Power Supply:- Here we used +12V and +5V dc power supply. The main function of this block is to provide the required amount of voltage to essential circuits. 12 voltage is given. +12V is given to relay driver. To get the +5V dc power supply we have used here IC 7805, which provides the +5V dc regulated power supply. 2. Enter and Exit Circuits:- This is one of the main part of our project. The main intention of this block is to sense the person. For sensing the person and light we are using the light dependent register (LDR). By using this sensor and its related circuit diagram we can count the persons. 3. 89S52 Microcontroller:- It is a low-power, high performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8KB of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM).The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the MCS-51TM instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic hip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful Microcontroller, which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution so many embedded control applications. 4. Relay Driver Circuit:- This block has the potential to drive the various controlled devices.In this block mainly we are using the transistor and the relays. One relay driver circuit we are using to control the light. Output signal from AT89S52 is given to the base of the transistor, which we are further energizing the particular relay. Because of this appropriate device is selected and it do its allott ed function. CHAPTER :- 3 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM Transmission Circuit:- Fig. 3. 1 Transmitter circuit Receiver Circuit:- Fig. 3. 2 Receiver circuit * CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION: There are two main parts of the circuits. 1. Transmission Circuits (Infrared LEDs) 2. Receiver Circuit (Sensors) . Transmission Circuit: Fig. 3. 3 Transmitter circuit This circuit diagram shows how a 555 timer IC is configured to function as a basic monostable multivibrator. A monostable multivibrator is a timing circuit that changes state once triggered, but returns to its original state after a certain time delay. It got its name from the fact that only one of its output states is stable. It is also known as a ‘one-shot'. In this circuit, a negative pulse applied at pin 2 triggers an internal flip-flop that turns off pin 7's discharge transistor, allowing C1 to charge up through R1.At the same time, the flip-flop brings the output (pin 3) level to ‘high'. When capacitor C1 as charged up to about 2/3 Vcc, t he flip-flop is triggered once again, this time making the pin 3 output ‘low' and turning on pin 7's discharge transistor, which discharges C1 to ground. This circuit, in effect, produces a pulse at pin 3 whose width t is just the product of R1 and C1, i. e. , t=R1C1. IR Transmission circuit is used to generate the modulated 36 kHz IR signal. The IC555 in the transmitter side is to generate 36 kHz square wave. Adjust the preset in the transmitter to get a 38 kHz signal at the o/p. round 1. 4K we get a 38 kHz signal. Then you point it over the sensor and its o/p will go low when it senses the IR signal of 38 kHz. 2. Receiver Circuit: Fig. 3. 4 Receiver circuit The IR transmitter will emit modulated 38 kHz IR signal and at the receiver we use TSOP1738 (Infrared Sensor). The output goes high when the there is an interruption and it return back to low after the time period determined by the capacitor and resistor in the circuit. I. e. around 1 second. CL100 is to trigger the IC555 which is configured as monostable multivibrator. Input is given to the Port 1 of the microcontroller.Port 0 is used for the 7-Segment display purpose. Port 2 is used for the Relay Turn On and Turn off Purpose. LTS 542 (Common Anode) is used for 7-Segment display. And that time Relay will get Voltage and triggered so light will get voltage and it will turn on. And when counter will be 00 that time Relay will be turned off. Reset button will reset the microcontroller. CHAPTER :- 4 HARDWARE DESIGN ; DESCRIPTIONS Hardware Design:- Infrared Sensor TSOP1738 Microcontroller AT89S52 Relay 7-Segment Display Timer IC 555 Fig. 4. 1 Snap of the entire circuit 4. 1 Procedure Followed While Designing:In the beginning I designed the circuit in DIPTRACE software. Dip trace is a circuit designing software. After completion of the designing circuit I prepared the layout. Then I programmed the microcontroller using KEIL software using hex file. Then soldering process was done. After completion of the soldering process I tested the circuit. Still the desired output was not obtained and so troubleshooting was done. In the process of troubleshooting I found the circuit aptly soldered and connected and hence came to conclusion that there was error in programming section which was later rectified and the desired results were obtained. . 2 List of Components: Following is the list of components that are necessary to build the assembly of the Digital Speedometer Cum Odometer: * Microcontroller – AT89S52 * IC – 7805 * Sensor – TSOP 1738 (Infrared Sensor) * Transformer – 12-0-12, 500 mA * Preset – 4. 7K * Disc capacitor – 104,33pF * Reset button switch * Rectifier diode – IN4148 * Transistor – BC 547, CL 100 * 7-Segment Display 4. 3 Description of Components 4. 3. 1 Microcontroller AT89S52: The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory.The device is manu factured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the Industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory pro- grammar. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning.The Power-down mode saves the RAM con- tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset. FEATURES:- * 8 KB Reprogrammable flash. * 32 Programmable I/O lines. * 16 bit Timer/Counter—3. * 8 Interrupt sources. * Power range: 4V – 5. 5V * Endurance : 1000 Writes / Erase cycles * Fully static operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz * Three level program memory lock * Power off flag * Full duplex UART serial channel * Low power idle and power down modes * Interrupt recovery from power down modes * 256 KB internal RAM * Dual data pointer 4. 3. 2TSOP1738 (INFRARED SENSOR)Fig. 4. 2 Infrared Sensor Description: The TSOP17.. – Series are miniaturized receivers for infrared remote control systems. PIN diode and preamplifier are assembled on lead frame, the epoxy package is designed as IR filter. The demodulated output signal can directly be decode d by a microprocessor. TSOP17.. is the standard IR remote control receiver series, supporting all major transmission codes. Features: * Photo detector and preamplifier in one package * Internal filter for PCM frequency * Improved shielding against electrical field disturbance * TTL and CMOS compatibility * Output active low Low power consumption * High immunity against ambient light * Continuous data transmission possible (up to 2400 bps) * Suitable burst length . 10 cycles/burst Block Diagram: Fig. 4. 3 Block Diagram of TSOP 1738 Application Circuit: Fig. 4. 4 Application circuit 4. 3. 3 555 ( TIMER IC): Fig. 4. 5 Timer IC(555) Description: The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delays or oscillation. Additional terminals are provided for triggering or resetting if desired. In the time delay mode of operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and capacitor.For astable operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output circuit can source or sink up to 200mA or drive TTL circuits. Features: * Direct replacement for SE555/NE555 * Timing from microseconds through hours * Operates in both astable and monostable modes * Adjustable duty cycle * Output can source or sink 200 mA * Output and supply TTL compatible * Temperature stability better than 0. 05% per  °C * Normally on and normally off output * Available in 8-pin MSOP package Applications: * Precision timing * Pulse generation * Sequential timing * Time delay generation * Pulse width modulation * Pulse position modulation * Linear ramp generator 5. 3. 4 LTS 542 (7-Segment Display) Description: The LTS 542 is a 0. 52 inch digit height single digit seven-segment display. This device utilizes Hi-eff. Red LED chips, which are made from GaAsP on GaP substrate, and has a red face and red segment. Fi g. 4. 6 7 Segment Features: * Common Anode * 0. 52 Inch Digit Height * Continuous Uniform Segments Low power Requirement * Excellent Characters Appearance * High Brightness ; High Contrast * Wide Viewing Angle 5. 3. 5 LM7805 (Voltage Regulator) Fig. 4. 7 Voltage Regulator Description: The KA78XX/KA78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulator are available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output current.Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents. Features: * Output Current up to 1A * Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V * Thermal Overload Protection * Short Circuit Protection * Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection 5. 3. 6 RELAY CIRCUIT: Fig. 4. 8 Relay A single pole dabble throw (SPDT) relay is connected to port RB1 of the microcontroller through a driver transistor. The relay requires 12 volts at a current of around 100ma, which cannot provide by the microcontroller.So the driver transistor is added. The relay is used to operate the external solenoid forming part of a locking device or for operating any other electrical devices. Normally the relay remains off. As soon as pin of the microcontroller goes high, the relay operates. When the relay operates and releases. Diode D2 is the standard diode on a mechanical relay to prevent back EMF from damaging Q3 when the relay releases. LED L2 indicates relay on. CHAPTER :- 5 SOFTWARE DESIGN FLOW CHART: Start Infrared Signal Transmission Interrupted from Sensor1 Interrupted from Sensor 2 Turn On Relay Counter Incremented Counter DecrementedCounter set to 0 Relay Turn Off Turn On Light Turn Off Light F ig. 4. 7 Flow Chart * If the sensor 1 is interrupted first then the microcontroller will look for the sensor 2. And if it is interrupted then the microcontroller will increment the count and switch on the relay, if it is first time interrupted. * If the sensor 2 is interrupted first then the microcontroller will look for the sensor 1. And if it is interrupted then the microcontroller will decrement the count. * When the last person leaves the room then counter goes to 0 and that time the relay will turn off. And light will be turn off. CHAPTER :- 6 TESTING AND RESULTSTesting And Results We started our project by making power supply. That is easy for me but when we turn toward the main circuit, there are many problems and issues related to it, which we faced, like component selection, which components is better than other and its feature and cost wise a We started our project by making power supply. That is easy for me but when I turn toward the main circuit, there are many problems and issues related to it, which are I faced, like component selection, which components is better than other and its feature and cost wise also, then refer the data books and other materials related to its.I had issues with better or correct result, which I desired. And also the software problem. I also had some soldering issues which were resolved using continuity checks performed on the hardware. We had issues with better or correct result, which we desired. And also the software problem. We also had some soldering issues which were resolved using continuity checks performed on the hardware. We started testing the circuit from the power supply. There we got over first trouble. After getting 9V from the transformer it was not converted to 5V and the circuit received 9V.As the solder was shorted IC 7805 got burnt. So we replaced the IC7805. also the circuit part around the IC7805 were completely damaged.. with the help of the solder we made the necessary paths. CHAPTER :- 7 FUTURE E XPANSION FUTURE EXPANSION * By using this circuit and proper power supply we can implement various applications Such as fans, tube lights, etc. * By modifying this circuit and using two relays we can achieve a task of opening and closing the door. CHAPTER :- 8 APPLICATION, ADVANTAGES ; DISADVANTAGES APPLICATION, ADVANTAGES ; DISADVANTAGES Application * For counting purposes * For automatic room light control * Advantages * Low cost * Easy to use * Implement in single door * Disadvantages * It is used only when one single person cuts the rays of the sensor hence it cannot be used when two person cross simultaneously. CHAPTER :- 8 BIBILOGRAPHY Bibliography * Reference Books * Programming in ANSI C: E BALAGURUSAMY * The 8051microcontroller and embedded systems: MUHAMMAD ALI MAZIDI JANICE GILLISPIE MAZIDI * The 8051 microcontroller: KENNETH J. AYALA * Website * www. datasheets4u. com * www. 8051. com

Sentence Coherence

Coherence means the quality of sticking together. a sentence has coherence when the sentence elements are so arranged as to show their relationship. Clarity in the sentence depends largely on proper word order A. Achieving coherence through proper placement of modifiers A modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that describes, strengthens, or clarifies another word (or group of words) in a sentence. When a modifier is placed in its proper position in a sentence, a sense of clarity is established for the reader. Example: Confusion: He barely kicked that ball twenty yards. Repair Work: He kicked that ball barely twenty yards. The issue of the proper placement of â€Å"only† has long been argued among grammarians. Many careful writers will insist that â€Å"only† be placed immediately before the word or phrase it modifies. Thus â€Å"I only gave him three dollars† would be rewritten as â€Å"I gave him only three dollars. † Some grammarians, however, have argued that such precision is not really necessary, that there is no danger of misreading â€Å"I only gave him three dollars† and that â€Å"only† can safely and naturally be placed between the subject and the verb. The argument has been going on for two hundred years. Other examples: (boardwork) 1. Mother loves the bungalow which she inherited from her grandfather. (Spanish- style, maternal) 2. The bride walked down the aisle on the arm of her father. (slowly) A. 1. Avoiding Misplaced modifiers Misplaced modifiers-a word, phrase, or clause that is improperly separated from the word it modifies How to correct a misplaced modifier: Place the modifier close to the word it modifies Error: I brought the dress from that store that I really wanted. Correction: I brought the dress that I really wanted from that store. A. 2. Avoiding Squinting Modifiers Squinting Modifiers -a phrase or clause that seems to modify two words at a time Example: Students who miss classes frequently fail the course. We can't tell which part of the sentence the word frequently is supposed to modify. Look at these two possible meanings: Students who miss class frequently or frequently fail the course. Correct a squinting modifier error by repositioning the modifier to place it next to the word it modifies. Example 2: Cycling up hills quickly strengthens your quadriceps. (In this example, the word â€Å"quickly† is a squinting modifier. It is not clear whether â€Å"quickly† pertains to â€Å"Cycling up hills† or â€Å"strengthens†. B. Achieving coherence by Avoiding Dangling Modifiers Dangling modifiers- It is a phrase or clause that is not clearly and logically related to the word or words it modifies How to correct a Dangling Modifier 1. Change the main clause of the sentence so that it begins with the word actually modified E xample 1. Changing the oil every 3,000 miles, the car seemed to run better. Correction: Changing the oil every 3,000 miles, Fred found he could get much better gas mileage. Example 2: To keep the young recruits interested in getting in shape, an exercise program was set up for the summer months. Correction:To keep the young recruits interested in getting in shape, the coaching staff set up an exercise program for the summer months. 2. Change the dangling modifier phrase to a subordinate clause, creating a subject and a verb Example 1: Raised in Nova Scotia, it is natural to miss the smell of the sea. Correction For a person raised in Nova Scotia, it is natural to miss the smell of the sea. The introductory phrase in the above sentence looks as if it is meant to modify a person or persons, but no one is mentioned in the sentence. Such introductory adjective phrases, because of their position, automatically modify the first noun or pronoun that follows the phrase — in this case, â€Å"it. † The connection in this case is illogical because â€Å"it† was not raised in Nova Scotia. You could revise the sentence in a number of ways: In correction: (the phrase functions as an adjective but now automatically modifies â€Å"I,† a logical connection) Example 2: Although nearly finished, we left the play early because we were worried about our sick cat. Correction: Although the play was nearly finished, we left early because we were worried about our sick cat. A dangling modifier can also appear when you place an elliptical clause improperly: Although nearly finished, we left the play early because we were worried about our sick cat. The way this sentence is structured, the clause â€Å"Although nearly finished† illogically modifies â€Å"we,† the pronoun directly following the clause. An easy way to rectify the problem is to re-insert the subject and verb that are understood in the elliptical clause: Although the play was nearly finished, we left early because we were worried about our sick cat. C. Achieving Coherence by Clear Reference of pronouns A pronoun refers to or replaces a noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun already mentioned. The word the pronoun replaces is known as the pronoun's antecedent. A pronoun should always refer to a clear and definite antecedent. C. 1. Wrong reference Make sure that a pronoun refers to a specific noun, not a possessive noun or a noun within a prepositional phrase. | Faulty | In George Orwell's essay â€Å"Shooting an Elephant, † he reports an incident that shows the evil effects of imperialism. [The pronoun he cannot refer to the possessive noun Orwell's. ] | Revised | In his essay â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† George Orwell reports an incident that shows the evil effects of imperialism. [The possessive pronoun his can refer to the subject noun Orwell. ]| Avoid using a pronoun such as they or it without an explicit antecedent. | Faulty | When Rivera applied for a resident alien card, they put him through many bureaucratic procedures. [The sentence does not have a clear antecedent for the pronoun they. ] | | Revised | When Rivera applied for a resident alien card, government officials put him through many manybureaucratic procedures. Before government officials issued Rivera a resident alien card, they put him through many bureaucratic procedures. | C. 2 Ambiguous References Your readers should never be left wondering which this, they, or it is being discussed. Faulty | My husband told my father that he should choose the baby's name. [Does he refer to husband or to father ? ] | Revised | My husband told my father to choose the baby's name. My husband wanted to choose the baby's name and told my father so. | Example 2:Ted told Hanz that he was hungry. Ted told Hanz that the former was hungry or Ted told Hanz, † I am hungry. † Example 3: Sylvia told her mother, â€Å"I need a new wardrobe. † Sylvia told her mother that she needed a new wardrobe C. 3. No Reference Examples 1. When we went to the motor vehicle division to register our car, they kept us waiting for nearly an hour. Correction: When we went to the motor vehicle division to register our car, the clerk kept us waiting for nearly an hour. 2. Elizabeth's mother and father are both pilots; however, Elizabeth is not interested in it. Correction: Elizabeth's mother and father are both pilots; however, Elizabeth is not interested in flying. 3. It says in the recipe that one must use butter, not margarine. Correction: According to the recipe, one must use butter, not margarine. 4. We prefer the kind of gas stations where hot food is sold. Correction: We prefer the kind of gas stations where they sell hot food. 5, Tammy applied for a scholarship, but her advisor told her that her parents make too much money. Correction: Tammy applied for a scholarship, but they told her that her parents made too much money.

Wind Technology Case Study

Situation: Company 1. New company (10 years), small compared to competitors 2. Cash flow problems 3. Produces wind-profiling radar systems for weather forecasting and wind detection 4. 9-12 months to improve cash flow Strengths 1. Adherence to specifications and quality production 2. Technical expertise provides full system integration—customers can order either basic components or a full system 3. Meteorologists and atmospheric scientists provide the customer with sophisticated support 4. All resources had been devoted to wind-profiling 5. Government contracts—account for 90 percent of sales Weaknesses . Poor cash flow 2. Lack of a well-developed marketing department 3. No salespersons—management and engineers call customers 4. No production capabilities to compete in high-volume, low-voltage segment 5. No resources and technical expertise to compete in high-output segment Opportunities 1. Wind Technology develops almost all of its major component parts and soft ware, versus competitors who depends on a variety of manufacturers. 2. HOWEVER, the development of the power supply has been problematic, SO Wind Technology needs to develop power supply instead of purchasing an HVPS from outside supplier 3.HVPS has greatest potential for commercial success Threats 1. Vaitra is unwilling to place additional money into Wind Technology 2. 9-12 months to implement new strategy and improve cash flow Product Sell component parts, specifically the high-voltage power supply (HVPS) 1. Small, with low level of output (less than 3kV) a. Communications 2. Medium (between 3 and 10 kV) b. Radars and lasers 3. Large (greater than 10 kV) c. High-powered X rays and plasma-etching systems Market Total market potential is estimated at $237 millionWind Technology’s estimated market share is 0. 5 percent, or $1. 185 million Finances Margin: 30 percent (production=70 percent of selling price) or $355,500 Variable/Fixed Costs: Unknown Promotion Budget: 10 percent or $118,500 Contribution Margin: $237,000 Competition Unysis—the only key player in the wind profiling market Customers Research labs, large end-users, OEMs, and distributers Government: Research, NASA, state colleges, Department of Defense Problem: The market for wind profiling radar systems has been developing at a much lower rate than anticipated. Options: 1.Enter HVPS market, or ride out the two years (cutting costs) that the company had estimated it would take until the wind-profiling market achieved high growth levels? 2. If entering HVPS market, establish target segment 3. If entering HVPS market, develop a marketing and promotion plan Scenario 1: Enter HVPS market 1. The product provides a differential advantage, superior quality, is innovative, reliable, customizable, and technologically advanced 2. Provides an additional +/- $237,000 in contribution margin per every 0. 5 percent of market share is achieved. 3.HVPS could be produced with very little added fixed costs & production would cost 70 percent of selling price. Scenario 2: Do not enter HVPS market 1. Young company in a mature industry 2. Severe cash flow problems make it difficult to produce, market, and hold inventory 3. Development of power supply will remain a problem 4. Difficult to cut costs when Wind Technologies already does not have a sales force or marketing department 5. Realistically only have 9-12 months before the company goes under Establishing target segment—Recommendations: 1. Microwave—highest market growth and strength 2.Radar—2nd highest growth and attractiveness, 3rd highest market share and strength 3. Semiconductors—highest attractiveness, 2nd highest market share Promotion Plan: 1. Collateral Material a. 5,000 pieces * $5. 50 each = $27,500 2. Public Relations b. Cost to write and mail to editors = $500 c. Are there hidden costs, such as publishing? d. How many people actually subscribe to wind technology trade magazines (Exhibit 3 = 35 0,538 in circulation) e. Of the 350,000 in circulation, if 1% of subscribers actually read the PR= 3,500 reached 3. Direct Mail f. More effective than PR, because recipients have the material in heir hands versus skipping over the page in a magazine. g. Buying list of prospects = $5,000 h. Are there lists available online? (Perhaps today, but not in 1991 at the time of the case) i. $7,500 per 1,500 mailed j. @ 3,000 mailed (universities, government) = $20,000 cost 4. Trade Shows k. $50,000 in costs + $50,000 for 5 staff members to attend l. Reach has to be significantly less than PR and direct mail because of geographical constraints—limited to the number of interested people near trade show—maybe 1,000-2,000 people attend trade show, and only 25% stop and look at your product m.Benefit—Get to see physical product and talk to experts n. Benefit—People who attend the trade show are probably looking to purchase (50% are hobbyists, 25% looking to buy, 25% no t interested at all—tag alongs) i. 250 people see your product, +/- 50 are interested o. Potential to cut costs—why does it cost $10,000 per person to attend? Send current employees for +/- $3,500 per person (airfare, hotel, food). 5. Trade Journals p. Design News presents the best value, at just $0. 05 per page in circulation, it has a reach of 170,033 readers at a cost of $8,120 6. Personal Selling q.Telemarketing ii. Salary for employee would be $50,000 iii. 90 calls per day * 250 days = 22,500 per year, assume 75% are hang-ups = 5,625 actually talk on the phone, 5% are interested = approximately 250 r. Field Sales iv. Would provide most incremental revenue v. Most costly vi. $80,000 vii. However, this person can serve dual roles, also attending trade shows, responding to customer service issues, etc. Final Recommendation: Kevin, from Wind Technology, acknowledges that it would be risky to proceed with the HVPS spin-off, but not doing something to improve the firmâ €™s cash flow was equally risky.Therefore, I would support neither decision, but instead go to the root of the problem which is Vaitra’s decision to cut funding for Wind Technology. Kevin needs to go to the management at Vaitra and ask for money to continue sustaining the business for another two years. At that point, the industry is expected to mature and the high growth levels that they anticipate may be achieved. In the meantime, it is not worth it to restructure the business, and implement costly promotion strategies that may not even be effective during the two years which they are most needed.However, in two years, when Wind Technologies anticipates a more secure cash position, they can begin specializing in the HPVS, hiring personal sellers, and attending trade shows. Then, perhaps they can also pursue more than just 0. 5 percent of the market. That is, however, if they even need to do so; it is possible that they will succeed with their current products. It would be best to have ample resources and do everything to the best of their abilities when the time is right, versus emptying their pockets just to get by in the industry, and abandoning their current strategy which could be successful in the very near future.