Barriers to Effective Communication Essay

The importance of communication in all professions is often under-estimated. In the criminal justice field there is no excuse for misconception and one mistake could affect multiple parties. This paper will outline the barriers in effective communication, how they affect the criminal justice field and more importantly how to overcome such barriers. We will explore the process of communication, it’s components, informal and formal forms of communication and then the difference between listening and hearing. Communication Process  Communication often times involves two people; a sender and a receiver. With law enforcement this can involve interpersonal communication between a citizen and an officer or between a detective and an officer; or it can be group communication in which parties of three of more are involved in communicating amongst each other. The communication process involves five of the following steps: Transmitting an idea, sending the idea through a medium, the receiver acquiring the message and decoding it, Understanding the message through decoding and then the last step providing feedback to the sender. However many parties are present, communication exists of three main components: Verbal, Paraverbal and nonverbal messages. (Wallace, 2009) With the use of the communication process and the following three components we can clearly begin to understand the message of the sender. Verbal communication is the act of speaking or writing and the select word choice we use to get a message to the receiver. The general message one intends to get across such as a simple order from a higher level officer will reach the receiver and they begin to decode the message. Depending on the word choice, it can either lead to misconception or be fully understood for its intentions. For example the sender may say something equivalent to â€Å"Did you not read the crime report this morning? † and the sender may decode this as the officer saying he failed to do his job simply due to the use of the word not. Now this may have been what the officer was saying but maybe it was not, perhaps he was saying it in a joking matter, that’s why we must look into more components. Paraverbal communication is the choice of words we choose mixed with the way in which we decide to use them or using them within a message. Literally two people could say the same exact sentence and each can add tone or infliction of the voice and it mean two different things. Going back to the original statement above, if the officer puts more tone around the word â€Å"not† than he is emphasizing the word and he is most likely using some sort of sarcasm. Next we can look at this sentence mixed with the last component: Nonverbal communication, in which no words are used but instead body language to express the idea or message. If the officer is indeed trying to be sarcastic with the above message he may use a simple hand gesture or raise his eyebrows or even draw a smirk upon his face. These are all signs that the officer is being rude or sarcastic toward the other officer. However that simple sentence when evaluating or changing the different components can be decoded differently. That’s why we must evaluate each component then apply it to the message when we are the decoder. Taking all this in and understanding the components will help lead to a more professional decoding of messages. Informal Vs. Formal Weather communication is oral or written there are two basic communication channels: Formal and Informal. Formal communication is usually one in which an organization follows a chain of command such as formal orders, directives and written memorandums. (Wallace, 2009) While formal communication is crucial to the flow of communication within a police organization it also has disadvantages. While it often times supports nurturing of the authority within an organization it can also lead to a larger amount of misconception. This misconception is due to the fact that because formal communication can tend to be more time consuming and usually requires a written record of things said; this alone hinders the free flow of communication. The free flow of communication as a missing element makes it harder for effective communication as many will refuse to give a personal opinions or beliefs on certain matters. With formal communication there is a lot of change and often times change doesn’t necessarily means everyone will agree. Within a police organization laws are constantly changing and many officers may not agree with these laws but must abide by them. This is where formal communication has the advantage of uniformity so that it makes it easier to stop crime and protect citizens when all officers are on the same page despite any personal opinions or beliefs. This helps get the message across clear and concise between officers, sergeants and even citizens. Informal communication is more free flowing and arises outside of channels in the formal channels often known as the grape vine or even departmental gossip. According to the Wallace Authors of Written and interpersonal communication: Methods for law enforcement (2009), informal communication arises due to the personal needs of members of an organization and can be good for divisions. While in the criminal justice field the accuracy of information is important it is still helpful to find information about crime through informal channels. One example that supports this idea is a scenario involving a missing person, and in a small town people may know or provide information about the whereabouts of an individual when last seen that could help with the investigation. An officer may walk into a coffee shop and be approached by a citizen who tells him a unique fact about the person or a relationship they had with another person within the town. While there opinions may be just that, an opinion, it may also be valuable information within the event of the crime. As you can see information flows within an organization either formally or informally. It can flow upward, downward, lateral or diagonal. Meaning it can move up a chain from citizen to officer to Sherriff to sergeant or down ward in the reverse order. It can even be lateral as it may be distributed to all sheriffs within a state then downward to officers within the cities and towns. The flow of communication can easily get misinterpreted as it moves through different channels within the criminal justice system. There are many more parties involved and when relaying information about a high profile criminal investigation and the facts surrounding the investigation important information can get shortened or left out. Listening Vs. Hearing: Barriers in Communication  Barriers in communication include emotional barriers, physical barriers, semantic barriers and ineffective listening. Let’s look into a common mistake we all make while communicating: Emotional Involvement. Whether you are the sender or the receiver in a conversation many people encode messages and relate them to emotional experiences. (Wallace, 2009) Often times if an officer has low self-esteem due to past issues with communication, and he may hold back valuable information or postpone great ideas that he could bring forth to the department to help solve a crime. The best way to overcome this is through peer support, often times there is a greater picture beyond just safety for pairing up police officers. If you work for a long time with the same partner you begin to break out of a shell and confide more to that officer which may enhance the way you communicate with everyone. â€Å"The need to preserve our self-esteem is universal† (Wallace, 2009) Physical barriers are common in the new world of technology this could easily be a computer crashing and no way to receive emails that are important. The easiest fix for this is keeping software up to date and also having an IT department handy, as well as a backup for these malfunctions for when they do happen. Semantic barriers are a little more difficult because it relates back to how no two people have a universal agreement on the meaning of specific terms or words. One officer might say something to the effect of â€Å"I’ve had enough! † and the word enough can easily be interpreted many ways as many of us fill in information that is not given. In these circumstances it’s better to challenge the sender and ask â€Å"What do you mean you’ve had enough. This will force the sender to clearly state what they are feeling so you can better interpret where the conversation is heading. One of the largest barriers in effective communication is the lack of understanding the difference between listening and hearing. This barrier of ineffective listening can easily be explained by the simple fact that as humans our thought speed is much greater than our speaking speed. When someone else is talking we can easily ignore the true message or day dream while not paying attention. Yes, you are hearing but you are not listening or absorbing the person’s valuable information which means you’re more prone to misinterpretation. According to Network World, a site created to improve management skills, â€Å"When it comes to the similarities between listening and hearing, the only one is you use your ears for both. After that, they’re very different. † (Shaw, 2003) If a citizen has a complaint about another officer and if all the officer is doing is writing in a notepad, providing little input, the citizen will be able to sense this bad vibe and more than likely feel offended. While maybe the officer is able to hear them they are not listening to the concern in there voice or even finding a way to make up to the citizen for the problem they had with one of their co-workers. In the police world there are already plenty of reasons citizens don’t confide in policemen and women, some even resenting them, we cannot add another reason to that list. In this situation one must listen to the concern and resolve and reassure the citizen to help build up the trust we may have lost. To improve your listening skills it is suggested to repeat back what the citizen may have said that way they know you are attentive and are taking into consideration what they said. (Shaw, 2003) Also giving yourself time to work through and decode a citizen’s information in these scenarios will be help for you to make the most appropriate response making the flow of conversation a more successful one for both parties. Summary While the list of communication barriers is much longer, there is no improvement that doesn’t help the matter. Communication is a learned process which also means it can be a changed process. Whether it is learning the difference between informal and formal channels and the way we should respond in each channel to fighting emotional, physical, or semantic barriers, there is a solution to overcome these issues. As state above on the difference between listening and hearing time management is the largest improvement anyone could make in communication. Not rushing communication but instead taking time to analyze and assess the situation to get a better understand is the main ingredient in success to effective communication. We must all slow our thought process, and do as we’ve been told many times before: Think before you speak!

Barack Obama: Greatest Moral Failure

Of his early childhood, Obama recalled, â€Å"That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind. â€Å"[20] He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage. [21] Reflecting later on his formative years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: â€Å"The opportunity that Hawaii offered—to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect—became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear. [22] Obama has also written and talked about using alcohol, marijuana and cocaine during his teenage years to â€Å"push questions of who I was out of my mind†. [23] At the 2008 Civil Forum on the Presidency, Obama identified his high-school drug use as his â€Å"greatest moral failure. â€Å"[24] Following high school, Obama moved to Los Angeles in 1979 to attend Occidental College. [25] After two years he transferred in 1981 to Columbia University in New York City, where he majored in political science with a specialization in international relations[26] and graduated with a B. A. in 1983. He worked for a year at the Business International Corporation,[27][28] then at the New York Public Interest Research Group. [29][30] Chicago community organizer and Harvard Law School After four years in New York City, Obama moved to Chicago, where he was hired as director of the Developing Communities Project (DCP), a church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in Greater Roseland (Roseland, West Pullman and Riverdale) on Chicago's far South Side. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988. 29][31] During his three years as the DCP's director, its staff grew from one to thirteen and its annual budget grew from $70,000 to $400,000. He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in Altgeld Gardens. [32] Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute. [33] In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time in Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his paternal relatives for the first time. 34] He returned in August 2006 in a visit to his father's birthplace, a village near Kisumu in rural western Kenya. [35] In late 1988, Obama entered Harvard Law School. He was selected as an editor of the Harvard Law Review at the end of his first year,[36] and president of the journal in his second year. [37] During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as a summer associate at the law firms of Sidley Austin in 1989 and Hopkins & Sutter in 1990. [38] After graduating with a Juris Doctor (J. D. magna cum laude[39] from Harvard in 1991, he returned to Chicago. [36] Obama's election as the first black president of the Harvard Law Review gained national media attention[37] and led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,[40] which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-199 5 as Dreams from My Father. [40] University of Chicago Law School and civil rights attorney In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at the University of Chicago Law School to work on his first book. 41] He then served as a professor at the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years; as a Lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and as a Senior Lecturer from 1996 to 2004 teaching constitutional law. [42] From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's Project Vote, a voter registration drive with ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, and led to Crain's Chicago Business naming Obama to its 1993 list of â€Å"40 under Forty† powers to be. 43] In 1993 he joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an associate for t hree years from 1993 to 1996, then of counsel from 1996 to 2004, with his law license becoming inactive in 2002. [44] From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of the Woods Fund of Chicago, which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project, and of the Joyce Foundation. 29] He served on the board of directors of the Chicago Annenberg Challenge from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999. [29] Political career: 1996–2008 State Senator: 1997–2004 Main article: Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama Obama was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1996, succeeding State Senator Alice Palmer as Senator from Illinois's 13th District, which at that time spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park – Kenwood south to South Shore and west to Chicago Lawn. 45] Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation reforming ethics and health care laws. [46] He sponsored a law increasing tax credits for low-income workers, negotiated welfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare. [47] In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican Governor Ryan's payday loan regulations and predatory mortgage lending regulations aimed at averting home foreclosures. [48] Obama was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was reelected again in 2002. 49] In 2000, he lost a Democratic primary run for the U. S. House of Representatives to four-term incumbent Bobby Rush by a margin of two to one. [50] In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority. [51] He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor racial profiling by requiring police to record the race of drive rs they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations. [47][52] During his 2004 general election campaign for U. S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enacting death penalty reforms. [53] Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U. S. Senate. [54] 2004 U. S. Senate campaign See also: United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004 In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U. S. Senate race; he created a campaign committee, began raising funds and lined up political media consultant David Axelrod by August 2002, and formally announced his candidacy in January 2003. 55] Decisions by Republican incumbent Peter Fitzgerald and his Democratic predecessor Carol Moseley Braun not to contest the race launched wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving fifteen candidates. [56] In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within the national Democratic Party, started specu lation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir, Dreams from My Father. [57] In July 2004, Obama delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston, Massachusetts,[58] and it was seen by 9. million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party. [59] Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner Jack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June 2004. [60] Six weeks later, Alan Keyes accepted the Illinois Republican Party's nomination to replace Ryan. [61] In the November 2004 general election, Obama won with 70% of the vote. [62] U. S. Senator: 2005–2008 Main article: United States Senate career of Barack Obama Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 4, 2005,[63] at which time he became the only Senate member of the Congressional Black Caucus. [64] CQ Weekly characterized him as a â€Å"loyal Democrat† based on analysis of all Senate votes in 2005–2007. The National Journal ranked him among the â€Å"most liberal† senators during 2005 through 2007. [65] He enjoyed high popularity as senator with a 72% approval in Illinois. [66] Obama announced on November 13, 2008 that he would resign his Senate seat on November 16, 2008, before the start of the lame-duck session, to focus on his transition period for the presidency. [67]

Systems Design and Management Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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Employee Privacy in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

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European Union Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

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In General, Toyota's Foreign Plants Have Achieved Productivity Levels Essay

In General, Toyota's Foreign Plants Have Achieved Productivity Levels Similar To Those In Japan - Essay Example This system involves team and individual discipline in the assembly line operation and a paradigm shift from doing quantity production to creating quality products the first time. Toyotas culture of quality work and continuous improvement through a team-based work place as implemented by Ohno Taichi has made Toyotas manufacturing facilities and assembly lines efficient and effective. Without the aggressive implementation of these corporate values of discipline, quality and continuous improvement, Toyotas lean production system would have been a failure and productivity would not have increased. The culture of Toyota has become the company strength and competitive advantage in the automobile industry. A global corporation is defined as an organization that coordinate and integrates its activities on a worldwide basis. It offers its customers a standardized product or services. The company is a highly centralized structure. The role of local subsidiaries is to assemble and sell products developed centrally. (Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1989). Toyota as a manufacturer of automobile products has highly standardized its product, manufacturing processes, and operations in all of its facilities worldwide. The production process of Japan and foreign plants of Toyota utilizes the Kanban system, a simplified assembly line called Global Body Line and supplier support system. The allocation of resources, responsibilities, and controls are centralized on a global basis towards the home-country, Japan.

Nursing Future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing Future - Essay Example Nursing varies from general nursing to nursing specialties, and after the four year course a nurse gets autonomous registration. There is scope for diversification after the basic graduate degree in the form of postgraduate courses. An interview was conducted with Dr. Llasus & Dr. Dover on topics like Nursing Faculty Teaching Expectations, Nursing Faculty Scholarship Expectations, and Future of Nursing Education. Dr.Llasus is the Assistant Dean of the School of Nursing, Nevada State College. As an Assistant Dean he performs of a multitude of functions ranging from performing regular instructional teaching duties on a half-time basis, and collaborates with the Associate Dean and to oversee the academic program and ensures quality of faculty and student support services. In addition to these, Dr.Llasus coordinates courses and faculty to promote communication and consistency in meeting School of Nursing policies and procedures. He provides leadership in curriculum and course development , orients new faculty to the SON, and connects faculty with Course Coordinator or Mentor for course orientation. He conducts orientation for new students and prepares program-specific materials, leads orientation program for each upcoming semester, schedules and leads make-up orientations. He organizes Semester Faculty Meetings, schedules and attends meetings for assigned curriculum tracks, mediates student and faculty issues and problems, follows â€Å"chain of command† in BSN Student Handbook, Performs peer evaluation of faculty by visiting classes and reviews clinical site evaluations by faculty and students, recommends new clinical contracts, prepares student cohort numbers and availability in each cohort, prepares records of students going forward for Reinstatement. Apart from the above said duties as an Assistant, Dean Dr. Llasus shoulders the following general duties such as ATI Assessments (Regular, Accelerated and Part-time Tracks), sets up ATI semester fees/deadline s ,schedules ATI make-up tests at end of semester, collects end of semester ATI exam, analyses from faculty and post on X drive, CSCLV,CSCLV skills lab & room, schedules for upcoming semester, CSCLV simulation schedules for upcoming semester, arranges for Marlock keys and parking information, end of semester scheduling of simulations for clinical make-up, class schedules for upcoming semester--working with the Dean and Associate Dean. Dr. Cheryl Dover is the Program Chair of Nursing Department, Prince George's Community College, Maryland. He performs the following duties like scheduling all classes, appointment of classes, supervising day to day activities like budgets, grants, Committee activities, Faculty/student issues etc. Nursing Faculty Teaching Expectations Dr.Llasus explains the tenure track of Assistant professor Post and explains the responsibilities of an Assistant professor. According to him, Assistant Professors shall be appointed to the School of Nursing upon recommend ation of the nursing faculty and the Dean of the School of Nursing. They shall hold an advanced degree in nursing and a doctorate. The responsibilities of an Assistant Professor are in accordance with college by laws. The position of Assistant Professor shall be primarily that of nursing faculty who teaches nursing courses under policy determined by the Faculty of the College, consistent with College-wide academic policy. An Assistant Professors shall aid in the planning, development, and teaching of nursing

Shipboard Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

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Marketing to the Bottom of the Pyramid Essay Example for Free

Marketing to the Bottom of the Pyramid Essay Professor C. K. Prahalad’s seminal publication, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, suggests an enormous market at the â€Å"bottom of the pyramid† (BOP)—a group of some 4 billion people who subsist on less than $2 a day. By some estimates, these â€Å"aspirational poor,† who make up three-fourths of the world’s population, represent $14 trillion in purchasing power, more than Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, France, and Japan put together. Demographically, it is young and growing at 6 percent a year or more. Traditionally, the poor have not been considered an important market segment. â€Å"The poor can’t afford most products†; â€Å"they will not accept new technologies†; and â€Å"except for the most basic products, they have little or no use for most products sold to higher income market segments†Ã¢â‚¬â€these are some of the assumptions that have, until recently, caused most multinational firms to pay little or no attention to those at the bottom of the pyramid. Typical market analysis is limited to urban areas, thereby ignoring rural villages where, in markets like India, the majority of the population lives. However, as major markets become more competitive and in some cases saturated—with the resulting ever-thinning profit margins— marketing to the bottom of the pyramid may have real potential and be worthy of exploration. One researcher suggested that American and European businesses should go back and look at their own roots. Sears, Roebuck was created to serve the lower-income, sparsely settled rural market. Singer sewing machines fashioned a scheme to make consumption possible by allowing customers to pay $5 a month instead of $100 at once. The world’s largest company today, Walmart, was created to serve the lower-income market. Here are a few examples of multinational company efforts to overcome the challenges in marketing to the BOP. Designing products for the BOP is not about making cheap  stuff but about making technologically advanced products affordable. For example, one company was inspired to invent the Freeplay, a windup self-power–generating radio, when it learned that isolated, impoverished people in South Africa were not getting information about AIDS because they  had no electricity for radios and could not afford replacement batteries. BOP MARKETING REQUIRES ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY The BOP market has a need for advanced technology, but to  be usable, infrastructure support must often accompany the  technology. For example, ITC, a $2.6 billion a year Indian conglomerate, decided to create a network of PC kiosks in villages. For years, ITC conducted its business with farmers through a maze of intermediaries, from brokers to traders. The company wanted farmers to be able to connect directly to information sources to check ITC’s offer price for produce, as well as prices in the closest village market, in the state capital, and on the Chicago commodities exchange. With direct access to information, farmers got the best price for their product, hordes of  intermediaries were bypassed, and ITC gained a direct contact with the farmers, thus improving the efficiency of ITC’s soybean acquisition. To achieve this goal, it had to do much more than just distribute PCs. It had to provide equipment for managing power outages, solar panels for extra electricity, and a satellite-based telephone hookup, and it had to train farmers to use the PCs. Without these steps, the PCs would never have worked. The complex solution serves ITC very well. Now more  than 10,000 villages and more than 1 million farmers are covered by its system. ITC is able to pay more to farmers and at the same time cut its costs because it has dramatically reduced the inefficiencies in logistics. The vast market for cell phones among those at the BOP is  not for phones costing $200 or even $100 but for phones costing less than $50. Such a phone cannot simply be a cut-down version of an existing handset. It must be very reliable and have lots of battery capacity, as it will be used by people who do not have reliable access to electricity. Motorola went thorough four redesigns to develop a low-cost cell phone with  battery life as long as 500 hours for villagers without regular electricity and an extra-loud volume for use in noisy markets. Motorola’s low-cost phone, a no-frills cell phone priced at $40, has a standby time of two weeks and conforms to local languages and customs. The cell-phone manufacturer says it expects to sell 6 million cell phones in six months in markets including China, India, and  Turkey. BOP MARKETING REQUIRES CREATIVE FINANCING There is also demand for personal computers but again, at very low prices. To meet the needs of this market, Advanced Micro Devices markets a $185 Personal Internet communicator—a basic computer for developing countries—and a Taiwan Company offers a similar device costing just $100. For most products, demand is contingent on the customer  having sufficient purchasing power. Companies have to devise creative ways to assist those at the BOP to finance larger purchases. For example, Cemex, the world’s third-largest cement company, recognized an opportunity for profit by enabling  lower-income Mexicans to build their own homes. The company’s Patrimonio Hoy Programme, a combination builder’s â€Å"club† and financing plan that targets homeowners who make less than $5 a day, markets building kits using its premiumgrade cement. It recruited 510 promoters to persuade new customers to commit to building additions to their homes. The customers paid Cemex $11.50 a week and received building  materials every 10 weeks until the room was finished (about  70 weeks—customers were on their own for the actual building). Although poor, 99.6 percent of the 150,000 Patrimonio Hoy participants have paid their bills in full. Patrimonio Hoy at tracted 42,000 new customers and is expected to turn a $1.5 million profit next year. 8/27/10 2:14 PM Cases 3 Assessing Global Market Opportunities One customer, Diega Chavero, thought the scheme was a scam  when she first heard of it, but after eight years of being unable to save enough to expand the one-room home where her family of six lived, she was willing to try anything. Four years later, she has five bedrooms. â€Å"Now I have a palace.† Another deterrent to the development of small enterprises at the BOP is available sources of adequate financing for microdistributors and budding entrepreneurs. For years, those at the bottom of the pyramid needing loans in India had to depend on local moneylenders, at interest rates up to 500 percent a year. ICICI Bank, the second-largest banking institution in India, saw these people as a potential market and critical to its future. To convert them into customers in a cost-effective way, ICICI turned to village self-help groups. ICICI Bank met with microfinance-aid groups working with  the poor and decided to give them capital to start making small loans to the poor—at rates that run from 10 percent to 30 percent. This sounds usurious, but it is lower than the 10 percent daily rate that some Indian loan sharks charge. Each group was composed of 20 women who were taught about saving, borrowing, investing, and so on. Each woman contributes to a joint savings account with the other members, and based on the self-help group’s track record of savings, the bank then lends money to the group, which in turn lends money to its individual members. ICICI has developed 10,000 of these groups reaching 200,000 women. ICICI’s money has helped 1 million households get loans that average $120 to $140. The bank’s executive directory says the venture has been â€Å"very profitable.† ICICI is working with local communities and NGOs to enlarge its reach. BOP MARKETING REQUIRES EFFECTIVE DISTRIBUTION When Unilever saw that dozens of agencies were lending microcredit loans  funds to poor women all over India, it thought that these would-be microentrepreneurs needed businesses to run. Unilever realized it could not sell to the bottom of the pyramid unless it found low-cost ways to distribute its product, so it created a network of hundreds of thousands of Shakti Amma (â€Å"empowered mothers†) who sell Lever’s products in their villages through an Indian version of Tupperware parties. Start-up loans enabled the women to buy stocks of goods to sell to local villagers. In one case, a woman who received a small loan was able to repay her start-up loan and has not needed to take another one. She now sells regularly to about 50 homes and even serves as a miniwholesaler, stocking tiny shops in outlying villages a short bus ride from her own. She sells about 10,000 rupees ($230) of goods each month, keeps about $26 profit, and ploughs the rest back into new stock. While the $26 a month she earns is less than the average $40 monthly income in the area, she now has income, whereas before she had nothing. Today about 1,300 poor women are selling Unilever’s products in 50,000 villages in 12 states in India and account for about 15 percent of the company’s rural sales in those states. Overall, rural markets account for about 30 percent of the company’s revenue. In another example, Nguyen Van Hon operates a floating sundries distributorship along the Ke Sat River in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta—a maze of rivers and canals dotted with villages. His boat is filled with boxes containing small bars of Lifebuoy soap and  single-use sachets of Sunsilk shampoo and Omo laundry detergent, which he sells to riverside shopkeepers for as little as 2.5 cents each. At his first stop he makes deliveries to a half dozen small shops. He sells hundred of thousands of soap and shampoo packets a month, enough to earn about $125—five times his previous monthly salary as a junior Communist party official. â€Å"It’s a hard life, but its getting better.† Now, he â€Å"has enough to pay his daughter’s schools fees and soon . . . will have saved enough to buy  a bigger boat, so I can sell to more villages.† Because of aggressive efforts to reach remote parts of the country through an extensive network of more than 100,000 independent sales  representatives such as Hon, the Vietnam subsidiary of Unilever realized a 23 percent increase in sales last year to more than $300 million. BOP MARKETING REQUIRES AFFORDABLE PACKAGING As one observer noted, â€Å"the poor cannot be Walmartized.† Consumers in rich nations use money to stockpile convenience. We go to Sam’s Club, Costco, Kmart, and so on, to get bargain prices and the convenience of buying shampoos and paper towels by the case. Selling to the poor requires just the opposite approach. They do not have the cash to stockpile convenience, and they do not mind frequent trips to the village store. Products have to be made available locally and in affordable units; fully 60 percent of the value of all shampoo sold in India is in single-serve packets. Nestlà © is targeting China with a blitz of 29 new ice cream  brands, many selling for as little as 12 cents with take-home and multipack products ranging from 72 cents to $2.30. It also features products specially designed for local tastes and preferences of Chinese consumers, such as Nestlà © Snow Moji, a rice pastry filled with vanilla ice cream that resembles dim sum, and other ice cream flavors like red bean and green tea. The ice cream products are distributed through a group of small independent saleswomen, which the company aims to expand to 4,000 women  by next year. The project is expected to account for as much as 24 percent of the company’s total rural sales within the next few years. BOP MARKETING CREATES  HEALTH BENEFITS Albeit a promotion to sell products, marketing to BOP does help improve personal hygiene. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that diarrhea-related diseases kill 1.8 million people a year and noted that  better hand-washing habits—using soap—is one way to prevent their spread. In response to WHO urging, Hindustan Lever Company introduced a campaign called â€Å"Swasthya Chetna† or â€Å"Glowing Health,† which argues that even cleanlooking hands may carry dangerous germs, so use more soap. It began a concentrated effort to take this message into the tens of thousands of villages where the rural poor reside, often with little access to media. â€Å"Lifebuoy teams visit each village several times,† using a â€Å"Glo Germ† kit to show schoolchildren that soap-washed hands are cleaner. This program has reached â€Å"around 80 million rural folk,† and sales of Lifebuoy in small affordable sizes have risen sharply. The small bar has become the brand’s top seller.

College Students Essay Example for Free

College Students Essay The number of international students enrolled in U. S. institutions has grown by 23 percent in the last five years. This is because the international community recognizes education in the U. S. All credit is given to University administrators who make sure that the courses students take are rigorous and prepares them for the real world ahead of them. The only problem is that Universities make students take some courses that are irrelevant to their major, thereby wasting precious time and money. Engineering is one of the most popular majors offered in United States’ Universities. It is a gateway to job opportunities but most Universities waste student’s time by forcing them to take classes that are not engineering related during their first two years of college. In most Universities, students majoring in Engineering have to take classes like fine art, government, history etc. Instead of giving these students specific courses that would prepare them for the rigorous work of engineering and reduce the time they would spend in school, Universities rather choose to introduce them to broader aspect of college, forcing them to take classes they do not need and increasing the time, they spend in college. Higher Institutions increase the time and courses college students have to take, because the more classes they take the more money the University pockets. They use this method to rip students off, thereby making college expenses ridiculously high and almost unpayable for some students. Education is not supposed to be costly, but student’s bank accounts are constantly punished by greed and bad decision making by University officials. This is why most American students abstain from furthering their educations in higher institutions after high school. The cost scares some of them, and they do not see the need to spend all their money on education. Universities should not scare Americans away from Higher Institutions by making them take classes that would dry up their bank accounts and waste their time. Instead they should give them the privilege of going to intern after high school and come back to take only the courses they need for their major. This saves students valuable time, money, and at the same time makes college more attractive to those Americans who have shunned Higher education because of the cost. When students are given the opportunity of interning before they choose their path in life, they not only get an idea of what they will wake up to every morning, but they also gain experience. This makes the courses and classes they would take later on a lot easier and understandable to them. The experience they gain from interning gives them a sense of direction on whether to continue in that career or if they should do something more profiting and interesting to them. . In order for us to get more Americans into college and reduce the competition coming from the international community, higher institutions need to make college more affordable and more meaningful for students. To make Universities affordable, students should be allowed to do all those classes that are required but relevant to a student’s major in high school. After graduation, students should have the opportunity of choosing between being an intern in their desired field for a year, before registering for that major, or going the normal route of wasting time taking classes they do not need.

What Is Petroleum Engineering Biology Essay

What Is Petroleum Engineering Biology Essay Petroleum engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with the activities related to the production of hydrocarbons which can be either crude oil or natural gas and there is subsurface activities that presume to fall within the upstream sector of oil and gas industry which are activities of finding and producing hydrocarbons(refining and distribution to a marked are referred to as the downstream sector)explored by earth scientists and petroleum engineering are the oil and gas industrys two main subsurface disciplines in which focus on maximizing economic recovery of hydrocarbons from petroleum of engineering focuses on estimation of the recoverable volume of the recourses using a detailed understanding of the physical behavior of oil , water and gas within a porous rock within a very high pressure and The combined efforts of geologists and petroleum engineers throughout the life of a hydrocarbon accumulation determine the way in which a reservoir is developed and depleted, and usually they have the highest impact on field economics. Petroleum engineering requires a good knowledge of many other related disciplines, such as geophysics, petroleum geology( drilling, economics, reservoir simulation,well engineering, artificial lift systems) The Drill is a machine which creates holes (usually called boreholes) and shafts in the ground. Drilling rigs can be massive structures housing equipment used to drill water wells, oil wells, or natural gas extraction wells, or they can be small enough to be moved manually by one person.[citation needed] They sample sub-surface mineral deposits, test rock, soil and groundwater physical properties. Drilling fluid: A drilling fluid is any fluid which circulates through a well in order to remove cuttings from a wellbore. This section will discuss fluids which have water or oil as their continuous phase. Air, mist and foam, which can be used as drilling fluids, will not be discussed at this time and drilling fluid must fulfill many functions in order to drill a well successfully, safely, and economically. The most important functions are: 1. Remove drilled cuttings from under the bit. (2) Carry those cuttings out of the hole. (3) Suspend cuttings in the fluid when circulation is stopped. (4) Release cuttings when processed by surface equipment . (5) Allow cuttings to settle out at the surface. 6. Provide enough hydrostatic pressure to balance formation pore pressures. 7. Prevent the bore hole from collapsing or caving in. 8. Protect producing formations from damage which could impair production. 9. Clean, cool, and lubricate the drill bit Occasionally, these functions require the drilling fluid to act in conflicting ways. You can see that items #1-3 are best served if the drilling fluid has a high viscosity, whereas items #4-5 are best accomplished with a low viscosity. In its most basic form a drilling fluid is composed of a liquid (either water or oil). If nothing else is added, whenever the hydrostatic pressure is greater than the formation pore pressure (and the formation is porous and permeable) a portion of the fluid will be flushed into the formation. Since excessive filtrate can cause borehole problems, some sort of filtration control additive is generally added. In order to provide enough hydrostatic pressure to balance abnormal pore pressures, the density of the drilling fluid is increased by adding a weight material (generally barite). Preparation: The oil drilling process starts with finding the land to drill on. After selection, there are normally environmental studies to ensure no damage is done. The mineral rights will need to be acquired as well. A water source will have to be established, if one isnt nearby, and the site will need to be cleared of debris, trees and other objects. A hole is then dug where the main drilling will be. The Base Liquid: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Water fresh or saline à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Oil diesel or crude à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Mineral Oil or other synthetic fluids Dispersed Solids: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Colloidal particles, which are suspended particles of various sizes. Dissolved Solids: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Usually salts, and their effects on colloids most is important and all drilling fluids have essentially the same properties, only the magnitude varies. These properties include density, viscosity, gel strength, filter cake, water loss, and electrical resistance. Though this type of drilling fluid is easy to describe, it is hard to define and even more difficult to find. In the field, a normal fluid generally means that there is a little effort expended to control the range of properties. General rules include: 1. It is used where no unexpected conditions occur. 2. The mud will stabilize, so its properties are in the range required to control the hole conditions. 3. The chief problem is viscosity control Formations usually drilled with this type of mud mainly sands. Since viscosity is the major problem, the amount and condition of the colloidal clay is important. To do this, two general types of treatment are used: 1. Water soluble polyphosphates: (a) They reduce viscosity (b) You should use it alone or with tannins 2. Caustic Soda and Tannins: (a) They also reduce viscosity. (b) You have to use it under more severe conditions than phosphate treatment. The drilling fluids are made to combat particular abnormal hole conditions or to accomplish specific objectives. These are: 1. Special Objectives: (a) Faster penetration rates. (b) Greater protection to producing zones. 2. Abnormal Hole Conditions: (a) Long salt sections. (b) High formation pressures. Lime Base Muds: 1. Water base mud. 2. Treated with large amounts of caustic soda, que-bracho, and lime. 3. Ratio of 2 lb caustic soda, 1.5 lb quebracho and 5 lb lime per 1 barrel of mud. 4. Will go through a highly viscous stage, but will become stable at a low viscosity. 5. Good points: (a) Can tolerate large amounts of contaminating salts. (b) Remains fluid when solids content gets high. 6. Weakness it has a tendency to solidify when subjected to high bottom-hole temperatures. Lime-Treated Muds: 1. Similar to lime based mud differ only in degree. 2. A compromise attempt at overcoming the high temperature gelation problem. (a) Use less lime than lime-base mud. (b) Not nearly so resistant to salt contamination. Emulsion Muds Oil in Water: 1. Oil can be added to any of the normal or special mud with good results 2. No special properties necessary 3. Natural or special emulsifying agents hold oil in tight suspension after mixing. 4. Oils used are: (a) Crude oils. (b) Diesel. (c) Any oil with API gravity between 25 and 50. 5. Oil content in mud may be 1% to 40%. 6. Advantages are: (a) Very stable properties. (b) Easily maintained. (c) Low filtration and thin filter cake. (d) Faster penetration rates. (e) Reduces down-hole friction. 7. Major objection is that the oil in the mud may mask any oil from the formation. Includes muds: 1. Mud with inhibited filtrates. 2. Large amounts of dissolved salts added to the mud. 3. High pH usually necessary for best results. 4. Designed to reduce the amount of formation swelling caused by filtrate inhibit clay hydration. 5. Disadvantages: (A) Needs specialized electric logs. (B) Requires much special attention. (C) Low mud weights cannot be maintained without oil. (D) Hard to increase viscosity. (E) Salt destroys natural filter cake building properties of clays. Gypsum Base Muds: 1. A specialized inhibited mud: (a) Contains large amounts of calcium sulfate. (b) Add 2 lb/bbl gypsum to mud system. (c) Filtration controlled by organic colloids. 2. Advantages: (a) Mud is stable. (b) Economical to maintain. (c) Filtrate does not hydrate clays. (d) High gel strength. 3. Disadvantages: (a) fine abrasives remain in mud. (b) Retains gas in mud. Oil Based Muds: 1. Oil instead of water used as the dispersant. 2. Additives must be oil soluble. 3. Generally pre-mixed and taken to the well-site. 4. To increase aniline value, blown asphalt and un-slaked lime may be added. 5. Advantages: (a) Will not hydrate clays. (b) Good lubricating properties . (c) Normally higher drill rate. 6. Disadvantages: (a) Expensive. (b) Dirty to work with. (c) Requires special electric logs. (d) Viscosity varies with temperature. Inverted Emulsions: 1. Water in oil emulsion. Oil largest component, then water added. Order of addition is important 2. Have some of the advantages of oil muds, but cheaper. Oil-Based Mud Systems: There are two types of systems: 1) invert emulsion, where water is the dispersed phase and oil the continuous phase (water-in-oil mud), and 2) emulsion mud, where oil is the dispersed phase and water is the continuous phase (oil-in-water mud). Emulsifiers are added to control the rheological properties (water increases viscosity, oil decreases viscosity). Air, Mist, Foam-Based Mud Systems: These lower than hydrostatic pressure systems are of four types: dry air or gas is injected into the borehole to remove cuttings and can be used until appreciable amounts of water are encountered, mist drilling is then used, which involves injecting a foaming agent into the air stream, foam drilling is used when large amounts of water is encountered, which uses chemical detergents and polymers to form the foam, and aerated fluids is a mud system injected with air to reduce the hydrostatic pressure. Workover Mud Systems: Also called completion fluids, these are specialized systems designed to minimize the damage formation, be compatible with acidizing and fracturing fluids and reduce clay/shale hydration and They are usually highly treated brines and blended salt fluid. Set Up and Drilling: The main hole is dug wide at the top and is drilled down with just a basic small drill. Two other holes are also dug to store equipment and dirt. Next the main rig is brought in and set up over the main drilling hole. The basic rig is made up of a drill bit and piping that sends the drill further and further down, scaffolding with cable and pulley to bring the drill up and an engine to turn the drill. The drill is sent down, where it chews up the earth. The mud is moved up the piping into a hole built for storage. As the drill goes down, more piping is added, and when a drill wears out, it is pulled up and replaced. Finding Oil: Once mud, being pulled up from the drill site, shows signs of oil residue, the drill is removed and testing is done. Core samples are taken as well as pressure and gas tests. When it is confirmed that the oil has been found, an explosive charge is sent down in the form of a perforating gun. This will crack the rock so that oil can flow into the drill area. After the rock is cracked, a pipe is lowered down for the oil to be collected. The hole is then capped off to avoid spillage and a pump is set up to pull the oil out of the ground.

Listening Skills Essay -- Listening Skills Listen Essays

Listening Skills   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The importance of listening effectively is obvious to our everyday activities. The fundamentals of listening appear to be quite simple; however, with a little thought on the matter, the depth of the listening is far from basic. The similarities between hearing and listening can be deceiving. Hearing is a physical process and listening is both physical and psychological. There are several purposes of listening. If you are a good listener, it will be a huge help in school, at work, in relationship, and in other situations. Another positive benefit of being a good listener is the ability to easily express information and communicate with others. You can listen to understand, listen to appreciate and you can listen critically. Dr. Laura Schlessenger is a perfect example of a professional listener who applies various listening techniques in her occupation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dr. Laura?s listening to appreciate skills are relevant when she takes a call from Lisa, regarding her daughter. First, Dr. Laura is listening and paying close attention to Lisa?s story, trying to concentrate and understand what is being told on this topic. These factors are important in listening to appreciate. According to Lisa?s story, Dr. Laura discovers that Lisa?s daughter is having financial trouble. She went through all of the acts to purchase a car although she did not have money to pay for it. To make a long story short, Lisa?s daughter was approved for a loan from the bank, but at th...

A Memorable Game of Cricket :: Art

A Memorable Game of Cricket Statement of Intention: My intended audiences for this piece of writing are teens who are interested in sports. I aim to show them that in times of need how people from all different interests come together as one to help those in need. I plan to do this with a very soft, friendly yet excited tone of writing, which I am writing a journal entry. Dear Diary, Cricket, one of the best sports any can play, where eleven fielders and two batsmen stand on a field trying to show how they are better than the other. This was definitely not the case at one of the best cricket matches I have ever been to. The Asian XI VS The Rest of the World XI match which was played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in January 2005. This match was played for the reasons of Charity for the Boxing Day Tsunami disaster in 2004. The match was very different to a normal cricket match where racial slurs would be thrown around and people would only be supporting their own team and putting down the other. There were many factors that made this match very special and very memorable. Well excluding the first factor that made this match special that millions of dollars were being raised to go to the countries that were hit by the terrible Tsunami disaster, there were so many others. One of the things that made this match very special, which would be near the top of my list was that you got to see all your favorite superstars in the one go. You had some of cricket’s greats including Sachin Tendulkur, Brian Lara, Steve Waugh, Daniel Vettori and last but not least muttiah muralitharan. To see all these players, playing together in the same teams was just excellent. Talking about teams I don’t think there were any. Even though the players were in two different teams playing against each other the crowds didn’t seem to think so. For the first time at a cricket match that I have seen people from all countries supporting not just their own country but all the others no matter which side they were on. Everyone was joining into the chants no matter which country they were from or were supporting. I being Indian was sitting in a huge group of Indians and what really got my attention was that the Indians were joining the Go Aussie Go chants and the Australians were joining into the Indian chants though I doubt they new what they meant but yet still chanting along.

Innovative company Essay

?Innovative Engineering Company was founded by two partners: Meredith Gale and Shelley Yeaton, shortly after they graduated from engineering school. Within five years the partners had built a thriving business, primarily through the development of a product line of measuring instruments based on the laser principle. Success brought with it the need for new permanent capital. After careful calculation, the partners placed the amount of this need at $1. 2 million. This would replace a term loan that was about to mature and provide for plant expansion and related working capital. At first, they sought a wealthy investor, or group of investors, who would provide the $1. 2 million in return for an interest in the partnership. They soon discovered, however, that although some investors were interested in participating in new ventures, none of them was willing to participate as partner in an industrial company because of the risks to their personal fortunes that were inherent in such an arrangement. Gale and Yeaton therefore planned to incorporate the Innovative Engineering Company, in which they would own all the stock. After further investigation, they learned that Arbor Capital Corporation, a venture capital firm, might be interested in providing permanent financing. In thinking about what they might propose to Arbor, their first idea was that Arbor would be asked for $1. 2 million, of which $1. 1 million would be a long-term loan. For the other $100,000, Arbor would receive 10 percent of the Innovative common stock as a â€Å"sweetener. † If Arbor would pay $100,000 for 10 percent of the stock, this would mean that the 90 percent that would be owned by Gale and Yeaton would have a value of $900,000. Although this was considerably higher than Innovative’s net assets, they thought this amount was appropriate in view of the profitability of the product line they had successfully developed. A little calculation convinced them, however, that this idea (hereafter, proposal A) was too risky. The resulting ratio of debt to equity would be greater than 100 percent, which was considered unsound for an industrial company. Their next idea was to change the debt/ equity ratio by using preferred stock in lieu of most of the debt. Specifically, they thought of a package consisting of $200,00 debt, $900,000 preferred stock, and $100,000 common stock (proposal B). They learned, however, that Arbor Capital Corporation was not interested in accepting preferred stock, even at a dividend which exceeded the interest rate on debt. Thereupon, they approached Arbor with a proposal of $600,000 debt and $600,000 equity (proposal C). For the $600,000 equity, Arbor would receive 6/15 (i. e. , 40 percent) of the common stock. . . . Assignment 1. For each of the four proposals, calculate the return on common shareholders’ equity (net income after preferred dividends divided by common shareholders’ equity) that would be earned under each of the three income assumptions. Round calculations to the nearest $1,000 and 1/10 percent. 2. Calculate the pre-tax earnings and return on its $1. 2 million investment to Arbor Capital Corporation under each of the four proposals. Assume that Arbor receives a dividend equal to its portion of common stock ownership times Innovative’s net income after preferred dividends (if any); assume a â€Å"negative dividend† if Innovative has a net loss. 3. Were the partners correct in rejecting proposals A and B? 4. Comment on the likelihood that Innovative Engineering Company could find a more attractive financing proposal than proposal D. Answer : A. 1. 100k long term loan, 100k = 10% of Common Stock. B. 200k Debt, 900k Preferred Stock, 100k Common Stock. C. 600k Debt, 600k Equity, arbor will get 40% of the equity D. 300k debt, 900k equity, 50% Interest 8% Dividend 10%

Mystery of disappearing oil Essay

1. Assume the role of Fuad, the accountant. What changes, if any, would you recommend, in the management of the petrol station, to Mat Jon? Why? Be as explicit as possible. The recommendation regarding to the management of the petrol station can divide into three major part, which is recording management, inventory management, and internal control. Because these problems can be directly or indirectly affect the performance of the business. In order to well managing a business, a skillful person with managerial aptitudes and ethical behavior are required. However, the person who carrying the day-to-day operation of the business, Jamel, does not possessed it. RECORDING MANAGEMENT Inaccurate amount in sales collection Based on the cases, the Mat Jon found out that the sales collection was greatly different for the beginning of July and ending of the July. The sales figures for first two days were reasonable good, it was around RM32, 000ï ¼Å'but it was dropped significantly in the end of the month, which is drop to RM14, 000 in 31st July. In 1st of July, the daily pump sales of unleaded petrol are RM34, 458.68, however, it already exceed the total sales of the day which amounting to RM 32, 220.40. Since the Mat Jon does not able to seek the explanation from his nephew, i suspect there is high possibility sales was take place, but may be intentionally or unintentionally omitted recording. Recommendation: I would suggest Mat Jon make a proper reconciliation between the sales recorded, physical balance of unleaded petrol and bank statement in order to found out the missing amount. Exceeding of the overdraft amount The petrol station facing the shortage of cash and this is showed on the exceed limit of the bank overdraft. Compare the daily cash sales receive with the amount in the bank statement, it showed that the cash sales that deposit into the bank are lower than the actual sales. The overdraft limit  is only RM20, 000, but they already overdraft for RM 21, 019.42. From the sales collection report, most of the sales is deemed from cash, so it is less likely the petrol station will facing the shortage of cash. It may be either have theft of cash or intentionally manipulation by Jamel since the Jamel was felt nervous when Mat Jon questioning him. Recommendation: Mat Jon should reconcile all the cash received against the sales, and this could be done in daily. In addition, Mat Jon should consider installing a CCTV all around the petrol station in order to prevent theft of cash by unethical staff. INVENTORY MANAGEMENT Inaccurate amount in stock balance report In addition, from the stock balance report, we found that the balance of the stock in the report is lower than the actual balance that the company should have. There are some shortfalls in the physical balance of the unleaded petrol. Jamel, who in charge in the petrol stationï ¼Å'should have responsible on the stock balances, so I assume that Jamel might be manipulate the figure in the stock balance report in order to gain self-interest. For example, he was paying out the cheque without obtaining any stock. Recommendation: Matching the purchase order (PO), delivery order (DO), and invoices when payment is made. Mat Jon should track back all the supporting documents in order to ensure the payment is made for the petrol purchased. In addition, this is related to the proper segregation of duties. Mat Jon should not give all the right and authority to Jamel. Increased in cost of sales while the sales are dropping over years Based on the trend analysis report, the cost of sales was increasing over years but the sales were decline significantly. One of the possibilities is that the inflation causes the cost of petrol increase and so leads to the decreasing in profit. But this assumption is less possible in this case. This is because the performance of recent year could not reasonably explain the increased cost. This might due to Jamel reported the cost of petrol at  higher price and gain the differences for himself or, he transferred the cost to the customer by raising the price of petrol, and thus loss of customers. Recommendation: Negotiated with the supplier and propose a hedging agreement to hedge the petrol price to avoid the inflation. INTERNAL CONTROL The role of Jamel Mat Jon left the management of the business almost wholly to his nephew, Jamel and he did not pay much attention to the business. But recently, Mat Jon suspected that Jamel was doing something unethical to his business, and also found that Jamel was not capable to manage the business. This raise the issue on the roles and capability of Jamel. Jamel does not have any direct interest in the business, so he might concern on his own interest instead of the revenue of the business. Recommendation Mat Jon should not fully rely on Jamel as he does not have any direct interest in this business thus there is possibilities that Jamel won’t put much effort on the petro station business. Mat Jon can remain the Jamel’s position just for the sake of avoiding the conflict between them, but he should monitor the petrol station business by himself to avoid any potential loss. Besides, this can also enable him to regularly reviewing the business, provided guidance to Jamel, and can detect the problems as earlier as he can. Impolite staff When they receiving the complaint from their regular customer, Supramaniam, the attendant ignore him and alleged that his fuel indicator may be faulty. And when Supramaniam request to talk with the person in charge, but he was informed that the manager was not around. At the meantime, the supervisor of the petrol station, Sudin, however, could not provide the immediate assistance to the customer. So there is end up with increasing the customer dissatisfaction. Recommendation Provide proper training to the staff. This including provides guidance on how to deal with the customer complaint and solve the question from the customer courtesy. In addition, the person in charge of the petrol station, Jamel, can be assumed not come to work frequently. Therefore, Mat Jon can consider to install a punch card system to track the attendance record of the employees. Segregation of duties Most of the problems is arise is due to there is not proper segregation of duties. When there is one person handling too much of responsibilities, the fraud may occur. In addition, it will also reduce the performance of the person who handling too much of responsibilities because of the work overload. In this case, Jamel, as the sole person who managing the petrol station, was handle too much of duties so that he tend to manipulate the amount in order to obtain the personal gain. Recommendation Mat Jon should have proper segregation of duties between the manager, Jamel and its supervisor, Sudin to enhance the performance of the petrol station. Jamel as a station managers, he should responsible in term of the inventory, pricing, recording, and also customer services. Hence, Jamel should responsible: Daily operations at gas stations and fuel-selling convenience stores. To ensure that sufficient amounts of fuel are available, Ensuring stores are well-stocked, The fuelling equipment is functional, To ensure staff is available to meet customer needs, The payments for fuel and merchandise are processed and recorded properly. Ensure company policies are upheld, examine timesheets for accuracy, train new employees, distribute paychecks, make financial bank deposits and report financial transactions. Sudin as a station supervisor, he should handle the following responsibilities: Supervise and co-ordinate sales staff and cashiers to  avoid the theft of cash Assign sales workers to duties Authorize payments by cheque Resolve customer complaints and supply shortages Maintain specified inventory and report to the station manager Prepare reports on sales collection

Looking Back by Guy de Maupassant

[Enter Post Title Here] Second language acquisition Foreign language: Learning language that is not generally spoken in the surrounding community. Second language: Learning a language that is spoken in the surrounding community. Acquisition and learning: Activities associated with learning have traditionally been used in language teaching in schools and have a tendency when successful to result in more knowledge about language.Acquisition barriers: The optimum age for learning may be during the years from about ten to 16 when the flexibility of our inherent capacity for language has not been completely lost. Affective factors: If we are stressed, uncomfortable, self-conscious, or unmotivated we are unlikely to learn anything. Focus on method: Despite all these barriers, the need for instruction in other languages has led to a variety of educational approaches and methods aimed at fostering l2 learning.The grammer_translation method: Vocabulary lists and sets of grammar rules are used to define the target of learning , memorization is encouraged and written language rather that spoken language is emphasized. The audio lingual method: A systematic presentation of the structures of the l2 moving from the simple to the more complex in the form of drills that the student had to repeat.Communicative approaches: The reaction against the artificiality of pattern practice and also against the belief that consciously learning the grammar rules of a language will necessarily result in an ability to use the lang. Transfer: Using sounds, expression or structures from the L1 when performing in the L2. Interlanguage: Process that certainly contains aspects of the L1 and L2 but which is an inherently variable system with rules of its own. Communicative competence: The general ability to use language accurately appropriately and flexibly.

Cracker Barrel Restaurants Case Study Essay

1. Discuss the factors that make it more difficult to establish work place discrimination based on sexual orientation than discrimination based on race? Although federal laws protect people from workplace discrimination on the basis of race, national origin, religion, sex, age, and disability, there is no federal law that specifically outlaws workplace discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in the private sector. (Federal government workers are protected from such discrimination.). an employee can file a complaint regarding discrimination based on race and be heard while an employee that files a complaint regarding discrimination based of sexual orientation will not be heard unless the company that they work for has an internal policy regarding sexual orientation. 2. Do chain restaurant operations, which prize uniformity – and thus reliability – in store design, products, and operating procedures, require uniformity of personnel policies? Were the regional variations that Dan Evins proposed on February 27, 1991, a viable corporate strategy? Why or why not. The need of personnel policies arises basically from overall objectives of the organization; a corporate thinking is required which will guide decision making at all operating level. The spontaneous cooperation of employees can be achieved through a just and fair treatment to all. Personnel policies provide the basis for uniformity and consistency. I do not believe they were a viable corporate strategy, as it started a chain reaction to incriminatory fire LGBT employees for no valid reason then that they were not heterosexual. Protests erupted at restaurants in dozens of cities and towns; boycotts were organized; and shareholders complained. even though nothing was accomplished until 2002 when New York and its allies fought until 58 percent of the shareholders persuaded Cracker Barrel’s board to vote unanimously to explicitly forbid anti-gay discrimination in its equal employment policy. 3. How does the Cracker Barrel case support or challenge the nation that federal legislation is warranted to stop employment discrimination based on sexual orientation? Although there are not federal laws to prevent discrimination based on  sexual orientation, protections does exist for workers on the basis of religion, gender, national origin, age, disability, and race. Still, as the NAACP and other lawsuits against Cracker Barrel demonstrate, federal legislation does not ensure corporate compliance. Aggrieved parties and their supporters often must invest years of their lives in protest and litigation simply to achieve the equal treatment ostensibly guaranteed in the American marketplace. Even after the terns race and sexual orientation have been added to the policy statements, broader cultural transformations will be required before these added burdens are removed from the shoulders of workers already greatly disadvantaged in our society. 4. Why are particular retail products, for example, inanimate objects such as mammy dolls, perceived to be racist? To be honest I do not like the mammy dolls, I just found out that the mammie dolls are racial motivated toward African Americans of the past. The development of the dolls came from cartoons of black people in 1600, 1700, and 1800s. The cartoons made remarks about African American women that were slaves who in most instances were house slaves who took care of slave owners children. These cartoons developed more negative images during this time. The development of the cloth dolls and ceramic dolls became popular due to these cartoons. The mammie dolls are resurfacing now by Caucasians and miss-educated African Americans as heritage dolls. They are apart of African American heritage however a negative image. They have increased sales after the election of Barack Obama by Caucasians by right wing conservatives. 5. Which areas of corporate activity should be open to broader scrutiny through shareholder resolutions? How much stake in the company should a shareholder have in order to present a resolution? The desire to promote the core values of the shareholder, and or to address the business risks and opportunities of global climate change, $2,000 or 1% and must be on the inside, must own for at least 1 year. 6. If a controversial corporate policy is reversed only after a decade of defiance, how should the company’s public relations officers present the change to the media? Public relations professionals present the face of an organization or individual, usually to articulate its objectives and official views on issues of relevance, primarily to the media. Public relations contributes to the way an organization is perceived by influencing the media and maintaining relationships with stakeholders. Specific public relations disciplines include: Financial public relations – communicating financial results and business strategy Consumer/lifestyle public relations – gaining publicity for a particular product or service Crisis communication – responding in a crisis Internal communications – communicating within the company itself Government relations – engaging government departments to influence public policy Food-centric relations – communicating specific information centered on foods, beverages and wine. Building and managing relationships with those who influence an organization or individual’s audiences has a central role in doing public relations. After a public relations practitioner has been working in the field, they accumulate a list of relationships that become an asset, especially for those in media relations. Within each discipline, typical activities include publicity events, speaking opportunities, press releases, newsletters, blogs, social media, press kits and outbound communication to members of the press. Video and audio news releases are often produced and distributed to TV outlets in hopes they will be used as regular program content.

Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK Modulation Demodulation Computer Science Essay

Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK Modulation Demodulation Computer Science Essay This experiment is based on the Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation/demodulation technique. The aim of the experiment is to gain familiarity with the components of a simple data transmission system, gain experience using an experimental communication system and studying its performance under the influence of white noise and also, to compare experimental results with theoretical deductions. Bandpass modulation, of which BPSK is a type, is a process whereby, a sinusoid usually called a carrier wave, is modulated or have its characteristics changed by a digital pulse baseband signal in other to enable wireless based transmission. In BPSK modulation, the phase of the carrier waveform is shifted to either 0Â ° or 180Â ° by the modulating data signal. To effectively model the transmission channel, the AWGN generator is used which adds the effect of noise to the signal at the receiver in other to properly characterise what obtains in real systems. SNR measurements are taken after the noise is added before the receiver and results of each stage of the experiment are presented. 2.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results obtained from the experiment and brief discussions are now presented. 2.1 The frequency of the waveform was measured to be 1.493kHz 2.2 The amplitude of the waveform was measured to be 3.608V 2.3 C:Documents and SettingsAGEBNIGADesktopLAB RESULTSPart 2.bmp Fig. 1: Square Waveform from NE555 timer circuit. The timer circuit produces a sequence of ones and zeros which together with the resistors and capacitor, produces a square waveform. It can be observed that the square top and bottom are not perfectly straight but with ripples, this is due to the resonance effect presented by the capacitor. Also, the rising pattern of the top is due to the voltage rise time in the capacitor. 2.4 The frequency of the message sequence is measured to be 374Hz 2.5 C:Documents and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 4 5.bmp Fig. 2: M essage sequence at the output of the frequency divider. The SN74LS74 integrated circuit implements a second order frequency divider, 2n (n=2). Hence the frequency of the timer circuit is divided by four. Hence, this is also evident in the frequency of the message sequence in 2.4 above. 2.6 The cut-off frequency of the 2nd order Butterworth low pass filter is given by; The cut-off frequency is the frequency at which the magnitude of the transfer function drops to 0.7071 of its maximum value which represents the point at which the power in the circuit is 3dB less than the maximum value. 2.7 The frequency of the sinusoid at the output of the filter was measured to be 1.328kHz. 2.8 C:Documents and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.Wordpart 8.jpg Fig. 3: Output of the first and second Butterworth LPF. A B A – Output of first filter; B – Output of second filter The Butterworth lowpass filter is used to generate the sinusoidal carrier required for the baseband signal. The Butterworth filter has a gentle roll-off, has no ripple in the pass or stop band hence, it has a monotonic response. To maximise the smoothness of the sinusoid, we use two of such filters in series.

Argumentive Research Paper on why and how cellphones negatively affect Annotated Bibliography

Argumentive Research Paper on why and how cellphones negatively affect teenagers - Annotated Bibliography Example The teenagers use cell phones in school, at home, during dates, at meetings, and other social gatherings. The writer affirms that the visually impaired teenager should reduce the use of cell phones to allowable levels. If possible, the visually impaired teenagers should use the cell phones during emergencies. Another article shows that detrimental effects of teenagers using cell phones (Strayer 128). A research conducted on teenagers driving cars proved the use of cell phones is dangerous. With the teenagers focused on driving their cars through the busy streets, the teenager is caught between answering the cell phone while driving and trying to prevent a car accident. With the teenagers’ attention divided, the there is a higher probability that the teenager will meet an accident. The teenager who is busy answering the cell phone may not spot a pedestrian hurriedly crossing the road. When this happens, there is a bigger probability that the teenager may not be able to see the running pedestrian on time. The research shows that cell phone talking while driving will increase the probability of accidents. The article is current as most teenagers today use cell phones. Likewise, the author is an authority on teenager research. The article is very relevant to today’s teenagers. With the advent of information technology, teenagers are often distracted from focusing on the day’s priorities because they have to answer their cell phones. The writer believes that the author is correct. With cell phone conversation, the teenagers’ attention to the current activities is reduced to dangerous and unhealthy levels. Another article states that teenagers must use cell phones in order to achieve their goals or targets on time. The teenagers use the cell phones to contact their classmates. The cell phones are used to gather the latest information on certain classroom assignments. The teenagers use the cell phones to answer

Depth of hypnotic trance will differ depend on language use Literature review

Depth of hypnotic trance will differ depend on language use - Literature review Example justice system, but generally there is agreement that hypnosis is a valuable technique when carried out responsibly by professionally qualified practitioners. Most of the empirical research that has been carried out to date is concerned with hypnosis in a monolingual context. Both practitioner and client share a common language, the subject matter that arises in the hypnosis sessions is collected in that shared language, and evaluation is also conducted in that language. Theoretical research has taken account of international work which has been conducted in many separate mono-lingual contexts, but there is so far not very much comparative work on the differences which might exist in different linguistic contexts. There is one dominant framework for the measurement of hypnotic sensibility, and that is the Harvard Group Scale, (Shore and Orne, 1962) which was developed in the United States in the 1960s, based, of course, on hypnosis using the English language. Analysis of bi-lingual hypnosis situations, and evaluation of any variation of the effect of different languages on the hypnosis process is very rare. Hypnosis in the twenty first century has not changed very much since the time when the Harvard Group Scale was first proposed. What has changed is the amount of international contact due to forces like the end of the Cold War, the process of globalisation and the advent of new technologies like the internet and fast, affordable international travel. Both permanent and temporary migration of population groups appears to be on the increase, and this means that in all areas of life, including the field of psychology, people are being faced with new challenges. There is an increasing likelihood that professional contact will be made with people who may not share the same ethnic, cultural and linguistic heritage. Diversity is increasingly being built in to business processes and services. In addition to these practical dimensions of globalisation, there are

HYBRID ENERGIES Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HYBRID ENERGIES - Research Paper Example The most striking feature is its very low negative impact on the environment, especially of the small hydropower plants (Our Energy, 2010). This is because the large-scale plants, although producing no waste products like gases and fumes, effect the surrounding ecology by disrupting the ecosystem and laying a waste to the soil in terms of agriculture (Our Energy, 2010). Hence, of late, the small-scale power plants, which can be set up on local water supply pipelines and, therefore, not radically shifting the ecosystem, are preferred (Our Energy, 2010). Another near-zero negative impact hybrid energy comes from the solar thermal technology (Solar Thermal Energy, 2008). This is the most favored form of the hybrid energies, and is increasingly becoming cheaper than the conventional fuels to both harness and maintain (Solar Thermal Energy, 2008). The point focus form of this technology is much more efficient than the other forms, almost double the efficiency (Solar Thermal Energy, 2008). This means that to produce the same amount of energy, it will have the least negative balance on the environment. The highest negative balance on the environment comes from the burning of fossil fuels (Postnote, 2006). Even from among these traditional fuels, coal has the highest carbon footprint, reaching to a level of more than 1,000 gCO2eq/kWh (Postnote, 2006).

Project Proposal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project Proposal - Research Paper Example In the view that campaigning increases the chances of success, it follows that the larger the campaign budget, the more chances of winning. For example, president Obama used more than twice the amount used in the McCain campaign (Gardiner, 2010). There are other examples that demonstrate the relationship between campaign budgets and chances of success. Ideally, campaigning follows the same principles as advertisement. The more popular brands enjoy more exposure. In the private sector, advertisements have such a significant influence on consumers that it sometimes results in monopolies (Gardiner, 2010). People choose the popular brand, despite the availability of better brands, in terms of performance, at a cheaper price. In the same way, a case can be made for extensive campaigns influencing the decision of American citizens. Therefore, it follows that the more access to cash, coming from corporate, the better and the chances of winning. To reduce the impact of funding on candidates, the Supreme Court directed that all donations by corporate be made to political parties. The principle behind this provision was that the limited power of the donations on the presidential candidates would limit the power of the donators on him or her(Torole, 2010). However, Tarole proposes that this not be possible. A candidate is bound to know the supporters of their campaign and thus feel an element of debt towards them (Bebchuk & Jackson, 2010). c. Corporate are the biggest financial entities and they have access to virtually unlimited funds. This implies that if the relationship between campaign and success is linear, then corporate have the ability to instill presidents in

Professionalism in the Classroom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Professionalism in the Classroom - Essay Example The manner in which teachers dress shows the level of professionalism they exhibit. They are supposed to maintain an appearance that is fit to generate respect from the students in the classroom. Dressing and appearance have three main impacts on the students. Not only do they maintain respect from the students, but also establish the teacher as an authority figure and solicit credibility. Research shows that students tend to model their behavior or appearance from the way they see their teachers or other close authority figures. Proper dress code policy for educators demands that they avoid visible piercings, bright hair colors, and tattoos. For this reason, educators can apply professionalism in the classroom by grooming well, setting high grooming standards and maintaining the same all though. Interaction with the students is another element of professionalism that is applicable in the classroom. With the concern to the student, a thin line separates friendship with students and care as an adult figure (Lawn, 1996). As a professional responsibility, educators/teachers should enforce school or classroom rules as a priority without compromise. They should not be driven by the desire to get students to like them or create a good relationship at the expense of instilling the required educational principles in them. They can show professionalism by executing their mandate in the best way possible without undue influence to control the execution. Additionally, professionalism in the classroom comes in the form of shunning favoritism and discrimination of pupils. For a teacher exhibiting professional qualities in the classroom, all students are equal and should be given equal opportunities to contribute and learn (Green, 2011). Thirdly, teachers can apply professionalism in the classroom through their educational strategies they embrace for their students. It requires them to have proper classroom management skills for effective