Competing in the global arina Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Competing in the global arina - Essay Example Globliztion is "neither new nor folly but global movement of ides, people, technology nd goods from one region to others benefiting the people t lrge" (mrty Sen cited Stiglitz 2002, p. 6). The main companies contributed to globalization are McDonald's, General Motors, Wal-Mart, Google and Yahoo! which account for over half of the world's output. This geographical concentration reflects existing economic relations between the North and the South (Bhagwati 98). Rivalling nation-states in their economic power, these corporations control much of the world's investment capital, technology, and access to international markets. In order to maintain their prominent positions in the global marketplace, transnational corporations merge with other corporations. These companies have consolidated their global operations in an increasingly deregulated global labor market. The availability of cheap labor, resources, and favorable production conditions in the global South has enhanced corporate mobility and profitability (Hirst and Thompson 134-135). The main drivers of globalization are technology, free trade and low barriers to trade, investments and democratization processes. A combination of weak and unstable governments, small and vulnerable economies, warlike conditions, and widespread poverty creates unattractive conditions for the major drivers of globalization, especially the global corporations and other private sector investors (Bhagwati 23). Apart from mining and other natural resources extractive industries, these countries are not players in the global economy. Moreover, lack of good governance often means that the proceeds from these economic activities benefit only a select group of elites, giving rise to private armies and guerrilla movements (Stiglitz 90). Price system help companies to sell product around the world and meet diverse customers' needs. Indeed, the network's market share increased even further as a result of the dramatic reduction in the price and size of satellite dishes. Suddenly, such technolog ies became affordable, even for low-income consumers (Bhagwati 21). For instance, a new economic order allows the farmers to produce more than the market can absorb but get paid at a fair price. It also keeps agricultural goods, produced elsewhere more cheaply and efficiently, out of these countries' markets. Globalization, as it relates to trade, is aimed at reducing or eliminating protectionism in order to maintain a level playing field for all trading nations. Still, developing countries continue to face a wide range of nontariff administrative instruments of protectionism, which keep their exports out of the rich markets of developed countries. Protectionism by the developed countries-aimed at keeping developing countries out of the formers' markets especially in sectors such as agriculture, textiles, and light manufacturing where the latter have a decided comparative advantage-is a serious impediment to free trade and globalization and a constant source of conflict in multilate ral negotiations (Hirst and Thompson 98). Contrary to public perception, export subsidies are not an efficient public policy instrument for allocating resources. This is particularly important for developing countr

Wrigley Jr. Company Essay Example for Free

Wrigley Jr. Company Essay 1.0 Introduction In June 2002 Blanka Dobrynin, a managing director of Aurora Borealis hedge fund, considers the possible gains from increasing the debt capitalization of The Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company. Blanka suggests Wrigley raise the amount of $3 billion in debt of the capitalization while Wrigley has been conservatively financed and remained no debt at the end of 2001. This report is aiming to analyze whether Wrigley should use $3 billion debt recapitalization to either pay dividends or to repurchase shares. 2.0 Current Capital Structure Generally, firms can choose among various capital structures in order to maximize overall market value of the company. It is proposed however, that Wrigley issues $3 billion in debt. According to the trade-off theory, the optimal capital structure does exist (Kraus and Litzenberger, 1973). The higher level of debt may increase both bankruptcy and financial cost that lead the firm to go or avoid bankruptcy. However, there are several advantages of raising debt capital. Firstly, tax-deductions which decrease the cost of debt. Secondly, stockholders do not have to share the profit when the firm has excess, as debt holders are limited to their fixed return. Finally, stockholders do have voting right but debt holders do not which means the stockholders are controlling the business. 3.0 The Impacts of Proposed Changes The decision to increase $3 billion debt capitalization of the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company by Blanka Dobrynin is to optimize the total value of the company. Firms are often inclined to choose debt over equity in order to use the tax shield. As the increasing of $3 billion debt in Wrigley’s capital structure, its equity value will increase by $1.2 billion due to the tax shield. Also this proposal of recapitalization will help Wrigley’s equity decrease by only $1.8 billion when they payout $3 billion debt, due to the offset by the $1.2 billion tax shield. According to our calculations, through recapitalization Wrigley’s total asset will be $14,459,826, which consists of $3,157,127 debt and $11,302,699 equity. In general, firms prefer to keep a higher level of debt/equity ratio to obtain larger total capital to increase the firm’s total value. But it is obvious that more debt means more risk and more payout. By assessing the spreadsheet, it suggests several reasons for and against the acquisition of debt. If the Wrigley’s debt increases, its credit rating will drop from AAA to BB, which leads to more cost of future financing and value of stocks. However, as debt can increase firm value up to a degree, we recommend that Wrigley’s find an optimal capital structure through further analysis of whether $3 billion of debt provides the smallest possible Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) for the firm. 3.1 Flexibility and Reserves According to Denis (2011), financial flexibility is the ability of a firm to make decisions and handle problems timely. Moreover, the firm should always maximize their firm value on any unexpected changes in investment opportunity and cash flows of the firm. In addition, the firm should prudently raise their capital in the good times to avoid stretching their capabilities too far, and in order to preserve their ability to choose to either borrow or issue equity in future times of need. Therefore, the lower level of firm’s debt, the more financial flexibility a firm has (Investopedia, 2014). Due to that $3 billion new debt existing, the financial flexibility of Wrigley will decline; this financial activity leads to lower ability to borrow money in the future if there are any profitable investment opportunities or any unexpected internal or external shocks. 3.2 The Book and Market Price per Share As is visible from the Appendix One, the decision of how to use the funds raised through debt is an important one as it will impact both the price per share and the book value per share. The price per share will decrease to $48.63 if the debt raised is used to pay out a dividend (decrease in the value of equity), whereas the price per share will increase to $61.53 if it is used to repurchase shares. However, the issuance of debt can have signalling effects for investors. Generally, when firms issue debt it signals to investors that the firm is in a good financial situation as the firm is able to undertake repayments of future interest. Furthermore, the clientele effect can impact the stock price because it assumes that the investors are attracted to the company for its policies and when these change the investors will react and adjust their stock accordingly (Moles Terry, 2005). In addition to this, the issuance of debt and repurchase of stock could signal to investors that managers believe the stock in undervalued. Despite this change in price, the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) will give a more accurate representation of what the change in capital structure implies for the firm, by taking account the costs of debt. 3.3 Weighted Average Cost of Capital Before recapitalisation Wrigley’s WACC was equal to it’s cost of equity (ke), which was calculated at 10.95%. After capitalisation it was found that Wrigley’s WACC decreased to 10.29%. This follows the general pattern of increasing debt resulting in a lower WACC. The cost of debt (kd) rate of 13% was used after we assessed the key industrial financial ratios and compared  them with that of Wrigley’s (See Appendix 2) to conclude that it was in the range between the BB rate of 12.753% and B 14.663% (see Appendices 3 4). Although WACC has decreased, which means that every $1 that Wrigley raises in capital from investors it must pay at least $10.30 in return, it’s Beta has increased from 0.75 to 0.87. This means that Wrigley’s investment is still less volatile than the market, but it has become more in line with the market after recapitalisation. However Beta will not incorporate the risk of financial distress that becomes present once Wrigley have taken out the debt. 4.0 Conclusions and Recommendations Therefore, from our analysis we know that an increase in debt can have adverse affects on flexibility and can have costs associated such as bankruptcy, agency and distress costs, however, due to the tax shield affects and the decrease in WACC we believe there should an increase in the level of debt. In addition, the share price change is not consistent with the change in WACC and it could be assumed that the distress costs associated with the increase in debt would mean the price would actually remain relatively steady to reflect the negligible change. We recommend that Wrigley issue $3 billion of debt in the form of share repurchase plan because this scenario has no defining impact upon WACC – slightly decreasing from 10.95% to 10.29%, and as a company’s main goal is to increase its’ shareholders value. Furthermore there are fewer risks in terms of clientele effect and signalling effect, while also allowing the Wrigley family to maintain their control with their high portion of shares. However, we recommend further analysis to determine what is the optimal level of debt by finding the lowest possible WACC, and therefore maximising the company’s value. 5.0 Reference List DeAngelo, H., DeAngelo, L., Whited T.M., (2011) Capital structure dynamics and transitory debt. Journal of Financial Economics, 99, 235–261. Denis, D J. (2011) Financial flexibility and corporate liquidity. Journal of Corporate Finance, 17(3), 667-674. Franco Modigliani; Merton H. Miller . (Jun., 1958) The American Economic Review, Vol. 48, No. 3. , pp. 261-297. Investopedia. (2014). Complete Guide To Corporate Finance. Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/walkthrough/corporate-finance/5/capital-structure/capital-structure.aspx Investopedia (2014). Optimal Capital Structure. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/o/optimal-capital-structure.asp. [Last Accessed 19 Aug 2014]. Kraus, A. and R. Litzenberger (1973). A State-Preference model of optimal financial leverage. Journal of Finance, Vol. 28, pp. 911-922. Moles, P., Terry, N. (2005). Clientele effect. The Handbook of International Finance Terms. Retrieved from http://www.oxfordreference.com.ezp01.library.qut.edu.au/view/10.1093/acref/9780198294818.001.0001/acref-9780198294818-e-1351 Myers, S.C. (2001). Capital structure. Journal of Economic Perspective, Vol. 15, pp. 81-102. Tsuji, C. (2012) A discussion on the signalling hypothesis of dividend poilcy. The Open Business Journal, 5, 1-7. Retrieved from http://benthamopen.com/tobj/articles/V005/1TOBJ.pdf

The Changes To The Youth Justice System

The Changes To The Youth Justice System there have been many changes to the youth justice system over the years, having varying effects on youth crime. To discuss whether this statement is true or not, we must look at the many government legislations and initiatives that have tried to lower crime. The twentieth century has seen a huge array of moral panics (defined as an over exaggerated response to a problem, justified or not) due to many social changes, such as alcohol, drugs, pop culture, football, music, film, television and video games; these are all seen as causes to youth crime. The moral panic began with the Mods and Rockers who had expressive subcultures during the 1960s which led to skinheads, lager louts, yob culture, football hooligans, rave culture and todays young offenders and anti social behaviour. The 1970s brought more emphasis on the individuals responsibility, the 1980s brought corporatism where justice specialists had a greater influence on policies and in the 1990s where youth crime has been heavily f eatured in the media and there has been the recognition of sub-criminal activity such as anti-social behaviour. Youths have been seen as out of control in the twenty-first century because of societies strong sense of morality but this has weakened for young people, young people these days are constantly looking for fun and excitement, but youth crime cannot be labelled as a moral panic, according to the Telegraph  [1]  from 2005 to 2008, The number of under-18s convicted or cautioned over violent offences rose from 17,590 to 24,102 which is an increase of 37 per cent, however it could be argued that newspapers such as this are fuelling moral panics. The main changes to the youth justice system began with Labours win in 1997, but the system does have a history. The view on youth justice has changed dramatically since the beginning of the 19h century where children were treated as adults in court, the Reformatory Schools Act 1854 created special institutions to reform children in need of care through education; this was the first major legislation towards tackling youth crime. In 1908 The Children Act was passed which abolished imprisonment of juveniles and separated juveniles from adults and began a more welfare based approach to youth crime, juvenile delinquency had started to rise by the First World War and was seen as a problem, A social commentator in 1917 stated their vulgarity and silliness and the distorted, unreal Americanised view of life must have a deteriorating effect and lead to the formation of false ideals, (cited in Muncie 1999:50)  [2]  . The Children and Young Persons Act 1933 then defined a child to be unde r the age of 14 and a young person between the ages 14 and 18, children under the age of 10 were deemed incapable of doing wrong and exempt from prosecution, this is known as doli incapax and it created a panel of magistrates to deal with youth cases, it also created loco parentis where the courts could act for the parent. During 1948 detention centres were formed, a very early version of todays young offenders institutes and was a more punitive approach. Then came the Young Persons Act in 1969 was an important act and made many changes, it gave a bigger emphasis on the social worker and proposed that offenders under the age of 14 with care instead of punishment, police were also made to make use of cautions, however afterwards, the act was criticised for being too soft as rates of crime began to rise. Because of its many flaws, The Criminal Justice Act 1982 and restricted the use of care and custodial orders, Borstals were replaced with fixed term youth custody orders, new sentence s were created and abolished numerous times afterwards until the Criminal Justice Act 1988 which rid youth custody and replaced it with detention in youth offender institutes. The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 brought secure training for those aged 12 to 15, The Crime (Sentences) Act 1997 extended community sentences and introduced tagging. Cautioning was revised in the Criminal Justice Act 1998 which restricted the use of reprimands and warnings. Before 1997 figures show that approximately 70% of all crimes were committed by a small number of young men and so with Labours win in 1997, their overhaul of the youth justice system had 3 objectives to deal with Prevent youngsters from falling in to crime, provide the criminal justice system with more sentencing choices and focus sentencing on preventing repeat offending  [3]  . Those aged under 18 are sentenced differently from adults as the criminal justice system believe that they are less responsible for their action s than adults and that sentencing should be used for reform as well as/or instead of punishment, this did change however with the killing of James Bulger by two 10 year old boys in 1993 where the murder was so violent they were tried in an adult court. The case caused a huge nationwide debate on how to handle young offenders; much of this was fuelled by the media. The government began its reform with the 1998 white paper No more excuses A new Approach to Tackling Youth Crime in England and Wales this in turn lead to The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 which included: The Youth Justice Board for England and Wales to deal with young offenders and reduce reoffending, the Youth Justice Service for local authorities to tackle crime, Youth Offending Teams which included members from probation, social services, police etc., anti-social behaviour orders, new community orders, local child curfew and others, although this act did cover punishment, welfare, action plans, objectives and performanc e reviews, it has been widely criticised for being too harsh with parenting orders, curfews and ASBOs. There is a clash between ASBOs which exclude offenders and the Youth Offending Teams which has a more inclusionist approach. There have been concerns that most of these efforts do not tackle the root causes of crime nor do they influence good behaviour in youths. However this act has many advantages, there is a strong emphasis on the welfare of the child such as the early intervention and focus on parenting and the parents responsibility to the child, the emphasis on restorative justice illustrates the persistence of welfare principles and the act has led to greater funding for the youth justice system  [4]  .The Home Office website lists the main causes of youth crime as troubled home life poor attainment at school, truancy and school exclusion, drug or alcohol misuse and mental illness, deprivation such as poor housing or homelessness and/or peer group pressure and these are the main areas of concern and focus points of the Youth Crime Action Plan of 2008 which set out the governments goals for the next year. The act led to huge amounts of money being spent on the youth justice system like never before, approximately  £380 million which doubled to  £648.5 million by 2007. Youth courts were established by the Criminal Justice Act 1991 and deal with those aged 10 to 17, Labours plans were to try and keep young offenders out of court and emphasised the use of ASBOs community orders etc., however, the Centre of Crime and Justice studies performed an independent audit of the system in 2007 and found the key priority was speeding up the youth justice process  [5]  resulting in missed targets for Labour. It claims that the majority of the budget was spent of custody and not prevention which is pointless if the government do not want youths in custody. As mentioned earlier, the Youth Justice board was introduced in 1998 and has changed the youth crime system, by trying to help young offenders, for example, accommodation and resettlement, alternatives to custody, education, training and employment and health and has set its self targets to reduce self-reported crime and the amount of children overall in the service, however as the independent audit states: Despite regular commitments made by the YJB to reduce the number of children sentenced to custody, the latest targets have not been met. In fact, at present, performance is deteriorating, with numbers increasing by 8% since March 2003 against a target of a 10% reduction.  [6]  It could be argued that although the creation of the Youth Justice Board was a step in the right direction, it hasnt nearly been as successful as it could have been and is failing. Next are the Youth Offending teams, set up in every local authority in England and Wales and is represented by people from the police and probation to health, education and social services. According to the audit, Labour used budgets from social and health care to fund youth crime prevention which according to the report is vital to keeping youth offending down; youth offending teams are not cut out for the social aspect of youth offending which led to missed targets and overworking. The report also found that youth offending teams can only regulate youth crime and cannot reduce it which should be reformed in policy. Although many changes have been made and a lot of money spent, there is increasing fear of gang and knife crime. To have a clearer view on this, we must look at statistics; the main supplier of these is the OCJS (Offending, Crime and Justice Survey) who in 2006 performed a self reporting offending survey to 10 to 25 year olds. For example Here we can see the proportion of 10- to 25-year-olds committing an offence in the last 12 months, at its highest on 26% of all 10 to 25 year olds are committing crime, which is less than a 3rd of all young people, according to the survey 12 per cent of males aged from 10 to 25 said they had committed an offence designated as serious, eight per cent were classified as frequent offenders, and five per cent as serious and frequent offenders  [7]  . 10 to 25 year olds is a wide area of study which could include thousands of young people, of this of only at the most 12% are committing serious crimes, the statistics could be a lot worse. As stated in the summary: (it surveys people aged) 10 to 25 living in the general household population in England and Wales. The survey does not cover young people living in institutions, including prisons, or the homeless, and thus omits some high offending groups. This is a relatively big omission, if they do not survey the people in prison who have been incarcerated of crimes; they are leaving out quite a vital part of their research. Also, the research is only a study which involves interviewing; they interviewed past interviewees from 2003 and 2004 and used new people. Yet if the survey was for 2005, they would only use new people, they also compare to the 2003 and 2004 surveys, which would suggest they are comparing the same people. As mentioned the survey is predominately made up of interviewing, it does not take police crime statistics into account which could give totally different results. According to the government report- Crime Action Plan: One year on Summary, they have been successful in reducing crime, re-offending fell between 2000 and 2007 by 24% The number of young people in the criminal justice system has gone down, by 9% from 2006/7 to 2007/8, more young people are taking part in their communities than using alcohol and drugs and there had been a 22% fall in sharp object assault. The independent audit however disagrees with this, saying that the aim of reducing young offending in Crime and Disorder act has yet to be achieved and that self reported offending is not declining. In conclusion, I would agree and disagree with changes to the youth justice system have little impact on the youth crimes, in agreement rates of youth offending have declined, theres is a lot more social support for young offenders, there has been the recognition of the causes of crime, with the creation if anti social behaviour orders, less children are kept out of court, the creation of young offending teams and the youth justice board is a huge change from the past and the government has actively tried to reduce youth crime with a much better funded system. However, in some aspects the statement could be true, some people believe that there is too much focus on welfare, and not enough on punishment, New Labour had failed even to mitigate the continuing increased use of custody of young offenders, let alone reverse it  [8]  , The government seem to be focusing more on some areas than others. The independent audit found that the budget for youth crime was taken from education, h ealth and social services which were themselves vital to young offenders; they found that most of the governments targets had been missed; Youth offending teams are failing and cannot work efficiently. As the audit says A decade on from the creation of the YJB and YOTs, and at a time of rising concerns about youth gangs and violence involving guns and knives, the time has come to reappraise the role and purpose of the youth justice system and to consider what it can realistically achieve in addressing youth offending.

a piece of her mind :: essays research papers

Often our choices are based upon our basic needs and what makes us feel safe. Yet, there is always that minute doubt tangled within our gut, wondering what would have happened if we took the dangerous, the hesitant, and the more thrilling path. One of the most universal experiences human beings face as we begin to age is we start to look back upon our lives and wonder if we made the right choices. For some people, they experience a â€Å"mid life crisis† and choose to start all over again, desperately yearning for a different result. Others dwell in a sense of melancholy, saddened by their fantasies of what life could have been had they chosen â€Å"the other path.† What if I had married differently? What if I had chosen a different career? These â€Å"what ifs† begin to pile on top on one another, creating a disappointing mountain of uncertainty and speculation. Within Mrs. Dalloway, Virginia Woolf portrays Mrs. Clarissa Dalloway as a woman who is exploring the se questions in a single afternoon of her life. If Mrs. Dalloway were to have kept a diary during this one day in her life, the following is an excerpt of what I think she would have written in it. Dear Diary,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"As a cloud crossed the sun, silence falls on London: and falls on the mind. Effort ceases. Time flaps on the mast. There we stop; there we stand. Rigid, the skeleton of habit upholds the human frames.†(49) Earlier today, he just stood there in front of me, his failure figure seeming more daunting than ever before. As my eyes met his, drapes of memory began to unravel within my mind, uncovering the ancient sheds of abandoned feelings. It was too difficult to ignore the pulsating pain I felt when my eyes met hit. My eyes frantically searched for an escape outlet. As I passed through the gigantic wooden doors towards the small room, I was forced to confront the amber-stillness of a surprisingly placeless place. I scanned the room I had just finished cleaning nearly an hour earlier. While it all appeared to be in order and cleansed of any dust or untidiness, any slight disorder popped out at me. The tired shelves leaned to one side under the weight of abs ent books, now pushed to the floor perhaps by the wind. Faces were covering the wall, trapped in black and white cruelty of photographs and the muted murmur of faded laughter.

Cancer: Oncology and Accurate Cause

Cancer Cancer is one of the top causes of death in the world today. Studies show that one in three people will go through some form of cancer in their lifetime. There are various different kinds of cancer that effect different parts of the body. Cancer is treated in many different ways. Some forms of cancer are treatable, and some are not. Cancer usually comes from the development of a tumor. Tumors form in the body when cells are produced without cause. New cells are formed when they are not needed, and they group together to form a tumor.The tumor can be benign, which means that it is non-cancerous, or it can be malignant, which means that it is cancerous. If cells break away from a malignant tumor, they will enter the bloodstream, and spread throughout the body, hurting other parts of the body. Cancer can also appear with no definite cause. However, there are some activities that people participate in, that increase the risk of cancer. Smoking can cause cancer of the lung, mouth, and throat. Alcohol can cause cancer of the mouth, throat, and liver. Also, exposure to radiation and sunlight can cause skin cancer.The accurate cause of cancer still remains a mystery. Cancer can be spotted early on by certain symptoms. As cancer progresses through it’s many stages, it will produce certain symptoms. The symptoms depend on the size and location of the cancer. In some areas, symptoms will not appear until the cancer is very large, making the cancer more difficult to treat. The general symptoms of cancer are fever, an alter of metabolism, fatigue, severe weight loss, weakness and dizziness, blood clots, and sores that don’t heal. There are many different ways of treatment for cancer.Surgery is usually the first choice of most patients. If the cancer is localized, meaning it hasn’t spread, surgery is the best option. The surgeon will remove the tumor and the surrounding tissue. Surgery offers the best chance of a cure. The next method of treatment , which is usually a patient’s second choice, is chemotherapy. This method treats cancer cells that have spread. Chemotherapy is used depending on the type of cancer, and the stage it is in. Chemotherapy specifically treats cancer by injecting strong medicine to a patient, and allowing the drugs to travel throughout the body.The side effects include vomiting, hair loss, infections, and fatigue. The last treatment, which is usually a last resort, is Radiation. It destroys cancer cells, so they don’t multiply. More than one half of people with cancer experience Radiation. Radiation is the process of external high-energy rays or implants inserted near the tumor, eliminating the cancer cells. With all kinds of cancer, there are seven main warning signs. These seven signs found in one person would show that the person may be suffering from some type of cancer, and this person should see a doctor immediately.Dying of Breast Cancer in the 1800sThe seven warning signs are a ma jor change in bowel or bladder habits, a sore that does not heal, unusual bleeding, thickening or lump in breast, indigestion or difficulty swallowing, obvious changes in wart or mole, and an irritating cough or roughness. Work Cited â€Å"Cancer. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 26 Mar. 2012. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. . â€Å"What Is Cancer? † American Cancer Society. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. . â€Å"Genetics and Cancer. American Cancer Society. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. . â€Å"Diet and Physical Activity. † American Cancer Society. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. . Weinberg, Robert A. The Biology of Cancer. New York: Garland Science, 2007. Print Nathan, David G. The Cancer Treatment Revolution: How Smart Drugs and Other New Therapies AreRenewing Our Hope and Changing the Face of Medicine. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2007. Print.

Beethoven Pastoral Symphony Essay

Beethoven was one of the pivotal composers that helped music evolve from the Classical period into the age of Romanticism. When discussing Beethoven’s success in classical compositions, his symphonies are at the forefront of most if not every conversation. However, even within the topic of his symphonies, some are naturally highlighted more than others. For example, one could reproduce the melody from either the opening movement of the Fifth or the finale of the Ninth and a majority of people would be able to recognize them. While these two works were revolutionary in the progression of symphonic music, they were not the only ones to have played important roles in this sense. Beethoven’s Pastoral Symphony is a pivotal work in the expansion of music with programmatic characteristics. However, this symphony is one that sways between the realms of absolute and program music, for it can be identified with both categories of symphonic music. While it is highly unlikely that Beethoven viewed this composition as a truly programmatic piece, the Sixth Symphony has played an important role in the development of the symphony as a genre and influenced future composers of program music as well. In order to discuss the significance of the Pastoral Symphony, one must first shed light on the difference of program music from that of absolute music. Author R. W. S. Mendl describes absolute music as being â€Å"that which gives us pleasure by the sheer delight in sound patterns without having any emotional, pictorial, or literary references† and claims that music with programmatic content â€Å"attempt[s] to represent scenes, objects, or events which exist apart from music.† It is hard to gauge the amount of programmatic works prior to the Pastoral Symphony, simply due to the fact that the term â€Å"program music† was not used as a defining category of music at the time of their release. An estimated eighth of all symphonic works that were presented before Beethoven’s Sixth Symphony were composed with the intent of conveying particular images or scenes. It would seem that with such a small percentage of varying works that were composed to contain prog rammatic ideas, labeling these works with a universal genre proved to be somewhat difficult. With the expansion of this style of writing, naturally the encompassing term â€Å"program music† would become associated with such pieces. Around the time of Beethoven’s composing, music was undergoing a shift from the Classical period into an age of Romanticism. Compositions were expanding in numerous ways regarding form, orchestration, and harmonies that were being implemented. Beethoven has been called â€Å"the innovator who broke through the limitations of Classicism without abandoning them.† This is truly evident through his symphonic writing. While on the cusp of the Romantic era, it became evident to him that the stature of absolute music was on the rise. Lewis Lockwood states that from a compositional aspect, Beethoven looked down upon ‘program music’ for its seemingly shallow representation of actual sounds and lack of originality. In response to this rising style of music, he composed the Pastoral Symphony with the intent of merging illus trative ideas of programmatic music with the structure of absolute music. Beethoven successfully achieved a blend of programmatic and absolute ideas with this symphony, in order to create an overall pastoral feeling of nature rather than depict any specific image. While the symphony and its five movements are labeled with titles that were created by Beethoven himself, he believed that the overall pastoral idea of this work could be perceived by the audience without a description that would usually be necessary with a complete program piece. It is this idea that helped Beethoven create the title as it can be viewed on early sketches, â€Å"Pastoral Symphony or Memories of Country Life: More the Expression of Feeling than Tone-Painting.† It would appear that Beethoven intended to create a general mood that expresses the idea of nature rather than rely on specific images or one precise story to achieve this. Despite Beethoven’s general feelings towards program music and his conscious efforts to claim that the Sixth Symphony was more a collection of overall feelings rather than an attempt at creating one specific image, this piece is neither absolute or programmatic music but a blend of the two styles. The first point in this argument would be the fact that Beethoven attached titles to each of the five movements within this symphony that depict certain scenes associated with pastoral ideas. The headings for the movements are as follow: ‘Pleasant feelings which are awakened in mankind on arrival in the country’, ‘Scene by the brook’, ‘Joyful fellowship of country folk’, ‘Thunder and Storm’, and ‘Beneficent feeling after the storm joined with thanks to the deity’. The mere fact that this symphony is the only one of his nine to contain subtitles attached to each movement that describe a scene of nature favors the thought of the symphony being more programmatic than absolute. However, if one were to look past the movement headings and take into consideration the content of the music, one would observe that the first two movements contain very little defined imagery. From an analytical perspective of the form, the first ha lf of the symphony is rather conventional and resembles the absolute approach to music. These movements hold true to the subheading for the symphony in regards to creating overall feelings rather than one precise painting or story. While there are compositional devices used to help convey the pastoral feeling within the first half of the symphony, it is not until the end of the second movement that Beethoven truly utilizes extra musical associations to convey imagery. This andante movement entitled ‘Scene by the brook’ ends with the flute, oboe, and clarinet engaged in a coda while imitating birdcalls. The composer himself labeled these three woodwind voices as a nightingale, a quail, and a cuckoo, respectively. These birdcalls have led to several debates, discussions, and even complete articles that attempt to analyze the true meaning of their existence in the piece. No matter how they are interpreted, one fact remains still. The birdcalls act as segues from the symphonic first half to the more programmatic portion of the piece. The second half of the Sixth Symphony ventures away from conventional symphonic composing techniques found in the first two movements and includes more programmatic material. A strong indication of programmatic material resides within the later half of the symphony, where Beethoven includes several pastoral elements to enhance the musical imagery. The third movement consists of excited melodies in a compound-meter stylized scherzo representing country-dances. There are several points within this movement that have a drone in the bass that has been viewed as a depiction of bagpipes, an instrument that was frequently associated with the representation of pastoral ideas. This jovial dance-like movement transitions into the fourth movement, which resembles a storm. The storm is â€Å"clearly an example of tone-painting† with its explosive minor chords that represent thunder and lightning and the constant patter of rain in the strings’ lines. Another significant feature added to the symphony that aids the pastoral image is the use of a ranz des vaches in the final movement. The ranz des vaches was an alpine horn call that herdsmen used to summon cattle. Author, David Wyn Jones notes in his book that â€Å"common features of ranz des vaches melodies are: triadic motion, dotted 6/8 meter†¦frequent use of grace notes, all harmonized mainly by the tonic triad.† While looking at the horn call that Beethoven uses within his symphony, one would notice that it meets all of the criteria that Jones listed. The imagery associated with the Pastoral Symphony depicts scenes from nature, which was a subject close to Beethoven’s heart. Through journal entries and letters, one can deduce Beethoven’s love for nature. The following is a letter to Austrian musician and friend, Therese Malfatti in 1810 that depicts his feelings about the outdoors: How fortunate you are to have been able to go to the country so early in the year! Not before the 8th shall I be able to enjoy this delight: I look forward to it with childish anticipation. How glad I shall be to wander about amidst shrubs, forests, trees, herbs and rocks! No man can love the country as I do. For it is forests, trees and rocks that provide men with the resonance they desire. Through this letter and several other firsthand records, one can clearly see Beethoven’s infatuation for the outdoors and the justifiable reason to compose a piece that commemorates this love. It makes sense that the first large-scale work that includes extensive amounts of imagery would reflect the thing that he admired most. Along with the simple beauty of nature, there were other factors that influenced Beethoven while writing his Sixth Symphony. The inclusion of nature and rustic ideas within music was not uncommon to composers prior to Beethoven. Pastoral subjects could be found in several theatrical presentations, operas, and intermezzo from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries. One notable work that inspired the development of the Pastoral Symphony was an oratorio written by Franz Joseph Haydn, his teacher and mentor early on in his composing career. Haydn’s oratorio, The Seasons, had an impact on Beethoven while he wrote his Sixth Symphony. Haydn incorporates arpeggiated horn calls in the aria â€Å"Der muntre Hirt† that begin â€Å"a sequence of summer scenes that will [eventually lead] to the storm† later in the oratorio. Similarly, Beethoven opens the fifth and final movement of his symphony with an arpeggiated melody in the French horns that subsequently signify the end of the storm that took place in the previous movement. Another example of musical quotation that Beethoven purposely incorporated is an oboe melody that â€Å"has long been understood as a quotation from Bach’s chorale ‘Birch an, o Schà ¶nes Morgenlicht,’ from the second part of the Christmas Oratorio†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It is worth mentioning that prior to Beethoven’s Pastoral Symphony, there had been other symphonic works to contain sections that resemble thunderstorms. Several commentaries on the Pastoral and its development discuss the 18th century German composer, Justin Heinrich Knecht and his piece entitled La Portrait musical de la nature. This work seems to contain similar programmatic ideas as that of Beethoven’s symphony, including a thunderstorm that interrupts the overall peaceful feeling of nature that resumes after the storm. In addition to preceding compositions that influenced Beethoven’s writings, there has been the suggestion for the possible influence from the literary writings of Scottish poet James Thomson, mostly that of his well known poems collectively titled â€Å"The Seasons†. While there is no concrete evidence that Beethoven took inspiration from this poem, some scholars feel that the poem possibly had an underlying effect on the outcome of the Pastoral Symphony. The text of the poem discusses nature, progressing through the four seasons starting with spring and ending with winter. The poem was translated to German in 1745 and served as a basis for Haydn’s oratorio that shares the same name. As discussed earlier, Beethoven drew inspiration from Haydn’s oratorio, so it would seem that he was indirectly influenced from the poetry of James Thomson for this reason even if he had no connection to the actual literature itself. So far there have been factors that support both sides of the argument in trying to define the Pastoral Symphony as either a work of absolute music, or one depicting tone painting. The mere fact that the piece contains an appropriate amount of material that justifies both categories, one should agree that this work could be viewed as the perfect synthesis of the two sides of the symphonic spectrum. The next step in understanding the influence that the Pastoral Symphony had on future composers of both absolute and programmatic works would naturally be to look at the general reception of the premiere of this piece. The Sixth Symphony received its first public performance on December 22nd, 1808 along with Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony. Beethoven worked on these two symphonies simultaneously in the years leading up to this concert. At this time however, the symphonies were labeled opposite of what they are viewed as today, which means that the Pastoral was written and performed as Beethoven’s fifth symphony, while the C-minor was viewed as his sixth. Over the course of time it would seem as though the Fifth Symphony has overpowered the Pastoral in the minds of audience members. While this may be true to some extent today, at the time, critics were singing praises to this wonderful portrayal of nature through melody and harmony. A review of the score in the musical journal of the time, Allgemeine musikalishce Zeitung, was typical in saying such things as â€Å"this work of Beethoven, wonderful, original, and full of life, which can be placed without hesitation besides his other masterworks†¦Ã¢â‚¬  When comparing it to other compositions that focused on imagery of programmatic material, one critic claimed that â€Å"none of the musical paintings known until now can withstand comparison†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Overall, the piece was welcomed positively and viewed as a representation for composers who desired to use programmatic features. Some of the compositional styles that would soon develop through the Romantic period can trace influence from Beethoven’s Sixth Symphony. When discussing compositions that drew inspiration from the Pastoral Symphony, one should mention Hector Berlioz’s programmatic work, Symphonie Fantastique. As a composer, Berlioz was an advocate for music with more programmatic tendencies and was viewed as a radical composer during his time. At one point in his career, Berlioz wrote critical reviews of Beethoven’s nine symphonies. When discussing the Sixth, he used descriptions such as, â€Å"delightful phrases [that] greet you, like the perfumed morning breeze† as well as â€Å"swarms of chattering birds in flight†¦Ã¢â‚¬  With such joyous descriptions that Berlioz gave, it comes as no surprise that he would find inspiration from this piece for his own writing. Author, Owen Jander views the second movement in Beethoven’s symphony entitled â€Å"Scene by t he Brook† as an obvious â€Å"point of departure for the ‘Scene in the Meadows’ in Berlioz’s Symphonie Fantastique†. As mentioned earlier, Beethoven’s second movement has been the topic of several discussions concerning the Sixth Symphony, specifically, the imitation of birdcalls that can be found at the close of the movement. Jander believes the calls to symbolize Beethoven’s acceptance of his growing deafness and his own fate. If one is to agree with this interpretation, then the connection to Berlioz’s Symphonie Fantastique becomes one that is easy to accept. Berlioz’s third movement, entitled â€Å"Scene in the Meadows† opens with the English horn and the oboe representing two shepherds that are calling to one another. At the end of the movement, one of the â€Å"shepherds† return once more but is not joined by the other, but is instead replaced by the distant roll of thunder heard in the timpani. Those familiar with the piece and its program know that the concluding two movements that follow represent a personal hell and damnation for the protagonist. The connection between both that of Beethoven’s and Berlioz’s works would be the idea that both composers are aware of their own fate and accept it through the illustration of music. Another composer that was potentially influenced by the Pastoral Symphony was that of the German opera composer, Richard Wagner. As just discussed, it would seem that the second movement of Beethoven’s work is to represent the â€Å"realization of one’s destiny through nature†. In Wagner’s opera, Siegfried, there are scenes within the second act that take place in the forest. In which, the main character, Siegfried learns of his destiny from the ability to understand a forest bird. This situation is the exact opposite from that of Beethoven’s, where the composer realizes his destiny through the discovery that he can no longer hear. Two compositions that were separated by nearly one hundred years, both contain similar imagery that represents a person’s realization and acceptance of their destiny through nature. The chances of this being a coincidence seem rather unlikely. To say that that Beethoven’s Pastoral inspired Wagner’s us e of nature within this opera would be a fair conclusion. When discussing Beethoven, the Sixth Symphony may not be a piece that comes to mind right away; one might rather recall themes from other symphonies by him. However, the importance of this piece in the evolution of the symphony as a genre is too important to go overlooked. The mere fact that out of the nine symphonies that Beethoven wrote, the Sixth was the only one to receive a programmatic title and descriptive scenes attached to the movements is an indication at the significance of this work. It may not have directly influenced several composers in the years that followed as far as content is concerned, but Beethoven’s ability to combine aspects of program music with the absoluteness of a symphony opened the door to possibilities for future composers on both sides of the spectrum.

Perl essays

Perl essays Living in an age of technology, the world is constantly coming up with new ways to make our lives easier (or sometimes more complex depending on how you look at it). Now with the help of the open source community, programming languages are blossoming from a small idea of a lonely programmer. Perl, a specialized language invented by Larry Wall, is a language that flourished in the hands of open source contributors. While working for the National Security Agency on a project known as Blacker Larry Wall created Perl. He was trying to produce some reports from a Usenet-news-like hierarchy of files for a bug-reporting system and the language he was using, awk, ran out of steam. He explained Perls beginnings as follows: The Beginnings of Perl were directly inspired by running into a problem I couldnt solve with the tools I had. Or rather, that I couldnt easily solve. As the Apostle Paul so succinctly put it, All things are possible, but not all things are expedient. I could have solved my problem with awk and shell eventually, but I possess a fortuitous surplus of the three chief virtues of a programmer: Laziness, Impatience, and Hubris. I was too lazy to do it in awk because it would have been hard to get awk to jump through the hoops I was wanting it to jump through. I was too impatient to wait for awk to finish because it was so slow. And finally, I had the hubris to think I could do better. (Knapen 1) Although the Blacker project has long since died, Perl continues to grow and change in many ways. Larry Wall, the son of a pastor, majored in Natural and Artificial languages and attended graduate school in linguistics. This focus on languages and their structures helped Wall understand the needs of a text crunching programming language. Perl itself was created and continues evolving by combining features from C, sh, csh, grep, sed, awk, Fortran, COBOL, PL/...

Concepts of Dangerous and natural energy

Concepts of Dangerous and natural energy Introduction Earthquakes are one of the major disasters in the world today. They have claimed thousands of lives in the recent years and rendered many more homeless.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts of Dangerous and natural energy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Depending on the magnitude of the earthquake; they can be very destructive. For instance; Haiti was hit with one with a magnitude of 7.0. It brought buildings to the ground, cut off communication of Haiti with the rest of the world leaving them quite helpless. Earthquakes An earthquake can be described as the uneven shaking of the earths rocks that leads to breakages. They are as a result of energy release from the earth crust. Ansary, M. A. (1995) claims that during the release of the energy the country experienced seismic waves that eventually lead to tremors. The earth is divided into four major layers, these include: the crust, inner core, outer core and the mantle. If movement occurs in the lower layers of the earth the surface of the earth is disrupted as the displacement is experienced all the way to the top. The degree of shaking of an area is determined by the seismic activity of the area. Seismic activity is the type and size of earthquake that a place experiences. The point which an earthquake is generated is referred to as a hypocenter. The intensity of earthquake can be measured using the seismograph which has a Richter scale to determine the magnitude of the earthquake. The Richter scale was invented by Charles Richter. After the invention of the Richter scale it was followed by the invention of Mercalliscale by an Italian volcanologist called Giuseppe Mercalli in 1884 and 1906. Theseismometers are usually located in different areas so as to record any slight movement in the earth’s crust. There are three types of earthquake which are grouped according their occurrence. They include the volcanic, tectonic, explosion and collapse earthquake. The most common cause of an earthquake is the tectonic plate movement. This occurs when the continental plates move either towards each other causing compression of the plates or move away from each other thus building up tensional forces which causes earth movements. While there are those that slide past each other causing shearing of the earth’s crust. These plate movements are what lead to an earthquake. A small percentage of earthquakes occur as a result of volcanic activities and explosions.Advertising Looking for essay on geology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Spence, W. Sipkin, G. L. (1989) has suggested that in the United States, earthquake activities are being experienced along the borders of the continent, areas which border the pacific and the Atlantic oceans. The eastern side of the continent has a high probability of experiencing an earthquake within the next fifty years. These areas include the California region, along the San Andreas Fault. Some states likely to experience earthquake include Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Ohio,Indiana,Maine,Missouri, Arkansas, Mississippi, Tennessee and Kentucky. In the world, the distribution of the earthquake has been found to be mainly on the plate boundaries. At these boundaries faults are usually formed. These faults limit the movement of the continental plate. After a while the other plates moved far enough as the plate which was left behind detaches itself from the fault causing an earthquake. This released energy usually spread to the main land through its seismic waves, that’s why even those away from the plate boundaries are likely to experience it.One of the latest earthquakes was on 7th of December in Komandorskiye in Russia region with a magnitude of 5.8. If I would be forced to live in places with the high chances of experiencing earthquake like California, I would not like this is because it not only destroys our property but also poses quite a great risk to our lives. This is because earthquakes are known to be very disastrous. Some other disadvantages of living in earthquake prone areas; is that it has madeinsuring of property quite expensive. When living in these earthquake prone areas, there is need to use the USGS resources so as to be prepared for any disaster which is likely to happen. These disaster preparedness are like, there should first be disaster readiness awareness within the family. There should be a communication devices at all times so as to enquire among themselves whether they are okay. They should have a reliable source of information concerning the frequency of occurrence and when it is likely to occur. With the same information channel they should be able to pass any information of any suspicious activities which might occur within their home. The family should also have a first aid kit, fire extinguishers and some tools like a hammer, axe and a crowbar in case they are trapped. They should also avoid crowded places so as to avoid stampedes and suffocation in case they are trapped. In history the two most destructive earthquake occurrences were in Eastern Sichuan, China which led to 87,587deaths and a lot of properties was destroyed and the Haiti region which had 222,570 deaths and a lot properties destroyed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts of Dangerous and natural energy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The rate of casualties as compared the magnitude of the earthquake has quite improved due to the modern prediction mechanisms and the information has been very useful to the people because they can now be prepared thus reducing more casualties when it occurs. Scientist are doing all they can to be able to ascertain the occurrence of an earthquake and also its magnitude, but as we know, natural disasters including an earthquake is beyond human ab ilities, no matter the equipment a state can have, they cannot be stopped or prevented. With the aid of the seismograms the scientist have been able to locate where the earthquake is happening, because by using the equipment, they are able to see both the P wave and the S wave in case one of them occurs. They eventually find the exact location using the triangulation method, where three seismograms are used. This equipment came up so as to have an early detection and provide emergency responses to those affected thus reducing the number of deaths. Just like the earth’s crust releases its energy, so does also the food we consume. They both release energy in the form of heat, the body uses the food, to produce heat that is used to maintain its temperature (Watson, J. Watson, K. 1998). While deep into the earth’s crust there are atoms which collide against each other leading to release of energy which internmolten the rocks into magma. This magma increases the pressure in to the earth’s crust and is eventually released violently causing an earthquake. Conclusion All in all earthquake are so disastrous and since we have no power to control them, then we should put more measures to make them less destructive like putting up building designs which are less affected by the earthquake and also being fully prepared for a disaster. Reference List Ansary, M. A. (1995). Moheskhali Earthquake: A Damage Study, Journal of Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Spence, W. Sipkin, G. L. (1989).  Measuring the size of an earthquake.Deventer: Kluwer Law and taxation publishers.Advertising Looking for essay on geology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Watson, J. Watson, K. (1998). Volcanoes and Earthquakes. Oxford: Oxford University press.

Calm Alert And Early Childhood Education

Children’s house and school are the two most influential context in which the learning and development occurs. The term ' self regulation' is normally used to discuss about a range of abilities and characteristics that a child develops to control the emotions, focus his actions and manage his feelings. This paper aims to discus about the importance of enhancing self regulatory ability of the child. Self regulation in child plays a pioneering role in laying the foundation of the child's psychological physical, behavioral and the educational well being of the child. The role of a school is to bring each child to her individual self, achieve the maximum academic potential and to obtain the skill of self regulation. Its effectiveness may vary from school to school (Diamond & Lee, 2011). A significant amount of the class works throughout the grades helps a child to develop academically, but very few actually help to develop self regulation in children. Self regulation is extremely important for a child to deal with the expectations and tasks that a child is confronted with everyday. The paper discuss about the difference of self regulation and compliance. Compliance is something that is seen in a child when he or she is afraid of being punished, or solely to obtain any coveted award (Dickstein, 2015). Previously it was of the idea that anything can be got out of a child by giving rewards and punishment, but according to the new concept, children often don’t work well under compliance and the task also becomes very draining for the adults who play the role of a disciplinarian to force a child to do something. Self regulation on the other hand refers to an attempt to understand the cause of the problematic behavior and then try to solve the problem rather than just extinguishing them. This paper produces information regarding the prefrontal cortex of the brain that is responsible for the management of self regulation (Dickstein, 2015). Over the past few decades scientists have discovered that the tactile stimulation that occurs in a baby due to some affectionate touching, release neuro-hormones that have a calming effect on the child (Cherland, 2012). It can be done by gently rocking or bouncing the baby when he or she is fussy. The paper discuses that the fundamental princip le of self regulation about arousing a baby, that is energizing her. This social engagement system is marked by the development of the language. As a child grows there occurs a fundamental transition in his self regulation and he needs his parents less ad peers more (Shanker, 2013). The paper further more discusses about many regulations that children face for self regulating himself. The paper further discuses about the sources of stress that a child suffers from:   Biological, emotional, cognitive, social and prosocial factors . The paper further aims to discus about the key steps of self regulation. My rationale for choosing this topic is that connection between educators has been found to be a primary factor for the cognitive and the psychosocial development of children. The self regulation techniques described by this paper can be useful for a childhood educator to deal with child education. Registered childhood educators should focus to have child's eye light up as they visit the classroom. Close, nurturing relationships helps to build the cognitive connection with all the aspects of life. I believe that it also helps out the child from getting over the toxicity of the stresses (Garner et al., 2012). Since a child educator acts as a bridge between the child's mind and the real world, the educator has to remain acquainted with all the facilitators and the barriers that enhance or cease a child's learning (Sabol & Pianta, 2012). The first step of self regulation in a child is to make sure that he or she is well slept receiving nutritious food and regular physical activities.   We can use simple aids like discs for their chair at school or some play dough for squeezing, that can be calming for children. The second step is to remain aware what it is to be calmly focused and hyper aroused. The third step is to teach the students about how students should react to different situations. All these learning can be really useful for an RECE. These factors make it an important topic of discussion for a future RECE.   Self regulation is the capability to understand and manage the behavior, feelings and reactions in response to the external environment. The goal is to regulate the reactions to emotions like excitement and frustration; Calming down after the occurrence of something upsetting or exciting, focus on a particular task, refocusing attention on a new task, control of the impulses, teaching behaviors that would help the child to specialize in the near future (Diamond & Lee, 2011). One of the most important steps towards the self regulation is to be patient with the child, as it can be very difficult for very young children to work as per the rules. The expectations should be matched with the age of the child. It is necessary to try self model for the regulation of the child. This can be done by showing the child how a frustrating work can be done without getting upset (Dickstein, 2015). We can say somewhat like this, â€Å"The work was hard, but I'm glad that they did not get angry as I might have not been able to do this". Furthermore it is important to talk to talk to the child about emotions. For example, â€Å"Did you hit your friend because she was not sharing the toy, but you could have asked her politely, now ask for the toy politely and see the magic." When a child struggles with complicated feeling it is our duty to encourage him to describe the feeling. The child should be taught to react to different emotions (Duckworth & Seligman, 2005). For exam ple the child can be taught to put her hands in the pockets when she wants to snatch or strike out. Simple rules can be set that is comprehensive to the child and simple to follow. Even if the child is too young we can talk about what kind of a behavior we expect. For example, "if you hit your friend, he will never play or talk with you; hence you should never hit him. It is necessary to use words of praise when the child shows self control and follow the rules. Praise will tell him that he had done something really good and will remain motivated to continue for future purposes. Words of appreciation like "I like the way you shared the book with John, I am proud of you." Weekly classes will be arranged in order to involve the parents in the learning process and to facilitate effective communication between the parent and the educator. How to share the information with the colleagues Professional development can be accomplished by sharing knowledge of learning with the peers. It can be done by encouraging group discussion or on any domains of social networking site. Oral presentations with demonstration can be useful for disseminating information among the peers. Debate and brainstorming workshops serve as an important platform for sharing the knowledge. Other methods of dissemination can be E-mails, reports, and one-to-one discussions, conferences .A vast majority of the people engaged in learning and teaching are at least one mail base discussion list and can serve as an effective way of communicating with the audiences. Short newsletters of the action plan can keep the targeted audiences informed. Cherland, E. (2012). The polyvagal theory: neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, self-regulation. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 21(4), 313. Diamond, A., & Lee, K. (2011). Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old. Science, 333(6045), 959-964. Dickstein, S. (2015). The family couch: considerations for infant/early childhood mental health. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 24(3), 487-500. Duckworth, A. L., & Seligman, M. E. (2005). Self-discipline outdoes IQ in predicting academic performance of adolescents. Psychological science, 16(12), 939-944. McEwen, B. S., & Lasley, E. N. (2002). The end of stress as we know it. Joseph Henry Press. Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., ... & Sears, M. R. (2011). A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(7), 2693-2698. Pink, D. H. (2012). Book Review Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us. Shanker, S. (2013). Calm, alert and learning: Classroom strategies for self-regulation. Toronto: Pearson.

INTERNATIONAL HRM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

INTERNATIONAL HRM - Assignment Example As a result, the concept has evolved to be wider and more complex to be defined within limited words. It has also expanded its dimensions by covering cultural, political, technological and economical divergences in order to determine appropriate set of objectives and strategies in order to attain them. Therefore, HRM practices differ from one nation and geographical region to another. With this belief, the discussion of the paper will emphasise on identifying various dimensions of International HRM in the context of the US. The objective of the paper is to evaluate the impact of political, economical, social and technological factors existing on the HRM practices in the US. Moreover, the paper will critically evaluate and analyse two key areas of HRM in modern day phenomenon, i.e. training & development and performance appraisal applied by a US based multinational company, i.e. Walmart. 2.0. International HRM In recent years, the world has witnessed steep rise in international activi ties which forced the managerial dimension to cross the regional boundaries and enter the international market. For instance, evidences reveal that since the early 20th century, international trade and production operations have increased substantially. This forced national companies to expand their business in the global platform recognising them as Multinational Companies (MNCs). Consequently, there are also few challenges which are faced by MNCs while implementing their HRM practices in the international platform. However, managing dichotomous cultures and economic factors with efficiency is termed to be the most challenging tasks of International HRM (IHRM) (Tayeb, 2005). Similar set of challenges were also faced by the US based MNCs in their global operations. Studies reveal that during early period, most of the US based international companies witnessed failure in their global operations, especially in managing their human resources with efficacy due to lack of effectiveness i n the HRM policies. In other words, the companies were concerned in practicing similar kind of HRM policies in the international platform as it did in the national context, i.e. in the US. Consequently, the practices lacked affectivity and efficacy and thus faced the challenges in terms of expatriation (Ashamalla, 1998). In this context, numerous researches have been performed to identify the effect of global and local factors in determining the efficacy of IHRM practices by the US based international companies. Most of the researches stated that the IHRM practices and policies of the companies operating globally often tended to provided greater significance to the local factors without entirely ignoring the prospects of their parent companies. Evidences have also revealed that different factors existing in the external environment influences the IHRM practices. For instance, the IHRM practices and policies executed by the Japanese leaders globally tend to be highly focussed on the localised factors in terms of ‘corporate welfarism’, but in a tailored manner to adopt the changes present in the targeted market while training the expatriates. Likewise, the IHRM policies and practices implemented by the US subsidiaries tend to be based on developmental strategies to a large extent with a similar concern. Therefore, it becomes quite apparent that both the international and national factors influence the IHRM practices

How Social Media Changed the Way people Communicate Essay

How Social Media Changed the Way people Communicate - Essay Example Papyrus helped in improving communication during the time as it could be moved from one place to another. Additionally, smoke signals were relied on during the prehistoric age. The smoke signals were popular among the American Indians (History World, n.d.). On the other hand, the sending of written message is thought to have begun on 6th century BC. Most of the government in this era relied on written content for communication. The Persians were the first to rely on written form of communication (History World, n.d.). On the later period, people focused on ways of improving the speed of the messenger. Such form of advance focused on developing excellent roads, fast riders and well-provisioned staging posts that were more accessible to freshmen and horses (History World, n.d). The effectiveness of communication was further improved by use of domesticated pigeons in the 11th century (History World, n.d.). Moreover, communication was quickly revived with the development of the printing press (History World, n.d.). The first publication were made in Germany in 15th century and then spread to the rest of the world. After this period, different printing press emerged in Switzerland, Venus, Paris, London, and Sweden (History World, n.d.). Consequently, the printing of books and pamphlets begun in these areas most of which were used in transmitting propaganda. Moreover, the printing press was followed by the advent of newspapers in the 17th century (History World, n.d.). The various disharmonies that were taking place in Europe made many people longing for information about the latest events (History World, n.d.). Consequently, the printers and publishers put more effort in ensuring people had the necessary information on time. The most published papers at the time were from Germany. Communication was rapidly improved in the 19th century. The invention in this era led to the development of letter, Penny post, and affordable post (Lambert, 2013). Moreover, there was the invention of telegraph, and this made it possible to send a message over a long distance in an efficient way. Furthermore, there as development of fax machine and telephone in 184 and 1876 (Lambert, 2013). Indeed, communication improved significantly in the 20th century. At this period, radios and televisions were developed and covered information during war (Lambert, 2013). Consequently, information was readily available. Later years saw the rise of telephone. In fact, this allowed making of calls and passing of commercial text through the mobile phone. In the 21st century, communication has been totally revolutionized. The transformation has taken place through the emergence of internet. Consequently, various forms of social sites have emerged such as Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, and email (Tuft University, 2013, p.1). Therefore, communication has been made easy and efficient. A reflection on different types of social media social media helps in highlighting ways in which communic ation has been changed; this occurs in terms of society interaction, awareness on various issues taking place in the world, control over people lives, increased transparency, increased avenues of communication, and change of ways of society communicate. Social Media Social media has provided a platform for interaction of people. â€Å"The social sites help people make, share, and/ or exchange information and ideas in virtual communities and networks†

Explain why you would rather live in the city, the suburbs, or in the Essay

Explain why you would rather live in the city, the suburbs, or in the country - Essay Example My learning need is better addressed by the city because all good universities are located in urban areas. This is evident with a lot of students from the rural areas who come to the city to attend the universities. While there are also colleges in the countryside, the really good learning institutions are located in the cities. Big cities are also a host of a lot of experts in different fields who offer lectures either in class or symposia. As a young student like me, these lectures offers me an invaluable opportunity to gain insights in my chosen field of endeavor which is otherwise not available had I lived in the rural areas. I also grow better as a person and a professional by living in a city. There are a lot of people with different backgrounds living in a city. Acquainting myself with them widens my perspective and enhances my social skills. We are now living in a globalized environment where it will be necessary for me to work with different people of varying orientation in the future and this exposure to different kind of people afforded by living in a city will enable to better deal with them when I become a professional. I believe that to become successful in my chosen endeavor, my academic preparation should be coupled with social skills which the city can better prepare me. It is also fun living in a city. Almost all type of entertainment is located just nearby. Whenever I feel bored, I can always go to the movie house or watch a concert. There are also bars in the city where I can party to unwind myself. For a young person like me, the city also keeps me abreast not only with the latest news, but also with the latest fads. There are also a lot of interests in the city where I can engage myself in. Living in a city makes me a well rounded person which is why is I prefer living in it than in the countryside. I may prefer living in the city but it does not mean I do not like the countryside. I like the

History of Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History of Planning - Essay Example (National Planning Policy Framework), housing strategy and Localism Act were introduced leading to more compliance with environmental justice, availability of government incentives for home planners and builders (Bryson & Bryson, 2004). Civil War and the subsequent industrial revolution resulted to changes in U.S settlement and other social aspects. New technologies emerged and led to growth of industries, huge cities, and escalation in industrial workers. Disparagingly, cities grew with petite planning. Choices regarding construction and land use were in the hands of builders, developers, individual landowners who were out to make huge profits and consequently left little open space for expansion. Environmental degradation upsurged while developers simply focused on economic development at the expense of the existence of a sustainable environment. By the closing of the frontier a unique American society had been created. Americans became resourceful, established strength and craggy individualism that nurtured democracy. Instead of succumbing to urban problems in the collusive cities, the poor considered moving to the west which they perceived to be safe. People started living close to nature and sanitize it of civ ilization’s corruption (Bryson & Bryson, 2004). The primeval wilderness ominously improved. Due to increased land demand, Americans planned to explore cyberspace and outer space and John F. Kennedy was committed to resolve the planning issues facing Americans while leaders such as Chief Joseph, Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull and Geronimo strived to resist such changes. Cases over the best planning and utilization of land have always existed. For instance, in the case of Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co, Euclid formulated a zoning ordinance that divided the land into sections that were to be used for particular purposes (Bryson & Bryson, 2004). While Euclid had the right to control and use the property, it violated Ambler’s 14th Amendment provision

Current Key legislation that applies to teaching Assignment

Current Key legislation that applies to teaching - Assignment Example The purpose of this regulation is not only to protect the professional integrity and to safeguard its expected practices but also to protect pupils and the young generation. The document addresses the relevant issues, for instance race, ethnicity, discrimination, disability etc., and the possible course of actions for teachers, employers and parents. A new educational system will replace the current system after 2012. General Teaching Council for England (GCTE), with the help of education ministry, is trying to introduce a fair and effective system. However, there are issues to be addressed. For instance, what risks are involved if it is taken as granted that the government is responsible for the ‘accountability’ of profession. Since, performance and conduct of a teacher is being judged at the institution level, consistency is another issue. The regulations for teachers are designed to make sure that they meet the basic induction requirements and satisfy the needs of sch ools and pupils. Even though it is argued that the bureaucratic process hinders the availability of good teachers, these legislations are introduced to improve the quality of teaching through on-going training programs for teachers. This ensures the availability of high quality teachers for all schools. Tutoring is well respected, well paid and a rewarding profession. It is the most effective way to develop pupils’ academic as well as personal skills. ... Years of education and training develop an insight but real environment make them understand the actual needs of the students. They not only have to have the subject knowledge but they need to know the psychology of young people. They should be able to define in-class rules and create a secure environment. Teachers are solely responsible for their career growth by planning and executing their professional trainings for further enhancement. In the recent past much more emphasis is placed on teacher’s reflection and self-evaluation. The revolutionizing global environment demands greater exposure of different cultures and civilizations. The â€Å"Equality Strategy†, introduced in 2010, outlines principals which demands strong commitments from both public and private education institutions. The legislation introduced from time to time empowers teachers to discipline the students. Working on the same lines government has brought new and amended bills to not only regulate tea chers but also to provide career growth, professional security, higher pay scales and better retirement plans. Government has also planned to align its work force with the economic requirements. Many projects are in operation in an effort to reduce the skill gap in the labor market. There are specific goals set to achieve by 2020 to train and prepare educational institutions for future needs. For science subjects, an individual has to be graduated from one of the accredited universities. A hiring institution is responsible to offer career oriented training programs. A performance management system should be in place to appraise the performance of its teachers. All teachers are reviewed in the lifelong learning sector on the basis

Explain why you would rather live in the city, the suburbs, or in the Essay

Explain why you would rather live in the city, the suburbs, or in the country - Essay Example My learning need is better addressed by the city because all good universities are located in urban areas. This is evident with a lot of students from the rural areas who come to the city to attend the universities. While there are also colleges in the countryside, the really good learning institutions are located in the cities. Big cities are also a host of a lot of experts in different fields who offer lectures either in class or symposia. As a young student like me, these lectures offers me an invaluable opportunity to gain insights in my chosen field of endeavor which is otherwise not available had I lived in the rural areas. I also grow better as a person and a professional by living in a city. There are a lot of people with different backgrounds living in a city. Acquainting myself with them widens my perspective and enhances my social skills. We are now living in a globalized environment where it will be necessary for me to work with different people of varying orientation in the future and this exposure to different kind of people afforded by living in a city will enable to better deal with them when I become a professional. I believe that to become successful in my chosen endeavor, my academic preparation should be coupled with social skills which the city can better prepare me. It is also fun living in a city. Almost all type of entertainment is located just nearby. Whenever I feel bored, I can always go to the movie house or watch a concert. There are also bars in the city where I can party to unwind myself. For a young person like me, the city also keeps me abreast not only with the latest news, but also with the latest fads. There are also a lot of interests in the city where I can engage myself in. Living in a city makes me a well rounded person which is why is I prefer living in it than in the countryside. I may prefer living in the city but it does not mean I do not like the countryside. I like the

Current Key legislation that applies to teaching Assignment

Current Key legislation that applies to teaching - Assignment Example The purpose of this regulation is not only to protect the professional integrity and to safeguard its expected practices but also to protect pupils and the young generation. The document addresses the relevant issues, for instance race, ethnicity, discrimination, disability etc., and the possible course of actions for teachers, employers and parents. A new educational system will replace the current system after 2012. General Teaching Council for England (GCTE), with the help of education ministry, is trying to introduce a fair and effective system. However, there are issues to be addressed. For instance, what risks are involved if it is taken as granted that the government is responsible for the ‘accountability’ of profession. Since, performance and conduct of a teacher is being judged at the institution level, consistency is another issue. The regulations for teachers are designed to make sure that they meet the basic induction requirements and satisfy the needs of sch ools and pupils. Even though it is argued that the bureaucratic process hinders the availability of good teachers, these legislations are introduced to improve the quality of teaching through on-going training programs for teachers. This ensures the availability of high quality teachers for all schools. Tutoring is well respected, well paid and a rewarding profession. It is the most effective way to develop pupils’ academic as well as personal skills. ... Years of education and training develop an insight but real environment make them understand the actual needs of the students. They not only have to have the subject knowledge but they need to know the psychology of young people. They should be able to define in-class rules and create a secure environment. Teachers are solely responsible for their career growth by planning and executing their professional trainings for further enhancement. In the recent past much more emphasis is placed on teacher’s reflection and self-evaluation. The revolutionizing global environment demands greater exposure of different cultures and civilizations. The â€Å"Equality Strategy†, introduced in 2010, outlines principals which demands strong commitments from both public and private education institutions. The legislation introduced from time to time empowers teachers to discipline the students. Working on the same lines government has brought new and amended bills to not only regulate tea chers but also to provide career growth, professional security, higher pay scales and better retirement plans. Government has also planned to align its work force with the economic requirements. Many projects are in operation in an effort to reduce the skill gap in the labor market. There are specific goals set to achieve by 2020 to train and prepare educational institutions for future needs. For science subjects, an individual has to be graduated from one of the accredited universities. A hiring institution is responsible to offer career oriented training programs. A performance management system should be in place to appraise the performance of its teachers. All teachers are reviewed in the lifelong learning sector on the basis

Low-cost Leadership Program Essay Example for Free

Low-cost Leadership Program Essay The best way for an organization to implement a low cost leadership-training program is to use a variety of approaches; this will maximize organizations efforts to have well trained employees with a focus on long-term development. In the case of a non-profit organization, the best way to set up a low-cost-leadership-training program would be to set-up a training committee. The committee would be composed of entry-level managers, upper management, and executives. This would allow for entry-level managers to have an input regarding what the employees need training and developing on. Also, with t upper-management and executives being involved and spearheading the committee, it lets employees realize that the organization cares about its employees. Once the training committee has been set up, it can then look into the variety of options they have available to them. It can send committee members to seminars, conferences, and trainings, which in turn would allow them to gather information and then train the organizations employees on the matter at hand. For example, a non-profit that works in family and youth development can send 3 site managers and 1 area director to a BOOST conference, a three-day conference that assists non-profits with ways to fundraise, market, build relationships with school faculty, connecting with members, redirecting negative behavior, etc. The employees that were chosen would then bring back the information they learned and recreate the training for the employees in the organization. Financially, this would be a great way for the organization to save money, while still managing to train employees. The training committee would also set up site visits to other highly productive companies and organizations. By doing so, the committee can send non-committee members as well as committee officials to do site visits to observe the work culture and environment of such company. The committee would have to brief the employees on what the purpose of the visit will be; therefore, allowing the employees to prepare questions that can be tailored to extract information pertinent to their needs. For example, the Boys and Girls Club doing a site visit to the YMCA. Finally, managers can find themselves overwhelmed by the amount of people they oversee and allotting enough time to each employee. Employees have a myriad  of concerns and issues that they might want to address with their supervisors. However, many times these issues are minimal but time consuming. Therefore, in order to minimize distractions and optimize productivity from lone employees and managers, setting up a mentor program within the organization would be a highly effective addition to training and developing program. Long-standing company employees would be mentors to new employees. This would allow for new employees to have a person to resort to in case they have any doubts or questions. The pros of setting up a training committee are low financial costs. It also allows for employees from all categories to interact and join efforts in the overall improvement of the organization. Also, if the organizations overall production increases and the organization sees sufficient growth, this committee can become its own department in the long run. It is important to keep in mind that regardless of the benefits this may provide a company, it undoubtedly will also come its consequences. In order for the company to ensure that the committee is successful, it will have to ensure that the committee members are effective communicators, great planners, and have plenty of public speaking skills. Otherwise, this will be detrimental to the committee but more importantly to the employees who will be receiving training from them. Also, trainings must be composed of material that will be useful to employees, and has to incorporate active learning techniques, case analysis, and hands on interaction in order to involve and stimulate the employees. The mentor program might also face its problems, so when pairing up employees, upper management must ensure that personalities are compatible and that the mentor is qualified to be one.

The Overemphasis On Physical Appearance Sociology Essay

The Overemphasis On Physical Appearance Sociology Essay In what way can it be argued that an overemphasis on ones physical appearance alienates individuals from themselves? Is the body part of the self or separate from the self? To answer this question, first of all it is necessary to understand what physical appearance means for individuality, and how it influences on persons self-image and self-perception. Persons appearance is a meaning of his identity.  Appearance is a expression of self-appraisal of person in overall positive or a negative attitude.  When self-appraisal is independent and autonomous, it does not dependent on external evaluations.  But in most cases the person tries by the appearance to attract the attention of surrounding people, and show his inner world, the mood and character.   Through the appearance person reveals his identity to a particular social class, individual lifestyle with his characteristic values, and, last but not least, interacts with various aspects of the social environment and changes them.  A person can achieve his goals by manipulating the impression he makes on other people. That is, appearance is a continuation of humans inner world, so the body can not be separated from the spiritual and emotional side. 2. Several of the classical theorists believed that much of modern life has become objectified and rationalized. In addition to the areas of the body, celebrity, and medicine, in what other areas has modern life become objectified and rationalized? Comparing the situation in contemporary culture and society that was a hundred years ago, many critics and theorists say that it has become objectified and rationalized. First of all this process is connected with the globalization, that has brought certain standards in the world. Globalization has led to fundamental changes in the relationship between folk, elite and mass culture, it lowered the status of the culture as it was before.  At the same time it brought mass culture, turning it into a leading element of a cultural system of post-industrial society.  The mass culture is like a substitute designed to meet the lowbrow tastes of poorly educated population. 3. Is it possible to effectively untie the rational and irrational, mental and emotional dimensions of life to create a more humane society? Why or why not? Should social theorists even be concerned about such an issue? Rationality one of the most important concepts of philosophy, sociology and psychology. The characteristic of our time is a neglect of rationality, that is mainly due to the uncertainty in the use of this notion.  What is rational and what is irrational? Rationality, like morality, is essential characteristic of behavior.  It is important to distinguish between the rational and irrational behavior.  An important feature of the actions that is called irrational or rationally forbidden (rationally prohibited), is that virtually no one would support people to commit these acts, on the contrary, they would have tried to convince not to do so.  To call something rational or rationally acceptable does not mean to endorse all of this, in these words there is only one modal nuance of lack of conviction. Many people want to draw a clear line between facts and values, rational and irrational.  If you get rid of the irrational motives, it means the mental control of reason over the behavior, which requires adherence to specific actions, conditions, programs, limiting the freedom of thought.  However, the above indicates that such a clear distinction is impossible, because rationality is in some way a subjective judgment. 4. What are the long-term implications of the open sale of human organs for social unity and divisiveness in the United States? The problem of sale of human organs is a matter of division of society into two views for and against.  Also, this issue has two problems: A rapid withdrawal of transplantation at the level of mass practice; An equally rapid growth of the declarations and documents of ethics adopted by professional associations, regulations and new laws, which develops and offers modern law and adopt modern nations of Europe and America, Asia and Africa. Modern transplant did not create utopian concepts, but wants to reach the level of ethical rules and standards of sale of human organs.  They see a direct connection between the progressive development of transplantation and overcoming of social psychological barrier in the form of traditional religious culture, with its system of rituals and attitudes towards death.  They believe that the success of transplantation is possible only in conditions of developed and prepared public opinion, that shall have absolute humanistic values across the range of practices of organ transplantation. Changing spiritual situation in the society, the democratization of social consciousness, which centered on the idea of human rights, led to a change in measures of responsibility for human life.  The increase in moral pluralism, the need for ethical and legal controls on the experimental research, medicalization of life, the globalization of bioethical issues all this makes urgent the task of fu rther development of the social problems of bioethics, which includes the issue of trade of human organs. 5. What are the most insightful or useful measures of class position? Why? How does inequality on each of these measures affect the lives of individuals? The recent trend in democratic industrialized countries of the world is increasing social mobility, that improve the status to representatives of every individual groups in society combined with the persistence of their unequal socio-economic position.  Subordination of the major social groups, their division into superior and inferior position reflects the concept of social class. Social classes are usually distinguished from other on the basis of their economic situation, the stability of the social situation of their representatives, difficulty of social mobility, the transition from the lowest class in the highest, as well as the multiplicity of their representatives.  All this makes them significant and sometimes define the measures of class position. Most measures of class position are aimed at influencing the process of social inequality and convergence status positions of the general population of industrialized countries, because the formation of the middle class does not negate the existence of traditional class position and the stratification of differences. (Delaney, 2003) 6. What evidence is there to assess the adequacy and/or inadequacy of Marxs predications about the relationship between workers and larger employers? Many of the ideas on social inequalities derived from the Marxist theory of stratification and class.  The mode of production determines the economic organization of each formation.  Marx believed the economic organization of the main aspect of society.  It includes a technology division of labor and, most importantly, a relationship formed between people in the production system.  These relationships play a key role in the Marxist concept of class.   Marx argued that in any type of economic organization is the ruling class, which owns the means of production (factories, raw materials, etc.) and provides control over them.  Due to the economic power of the ruling class decides the fate of those who are working for him.  (Berberoglu, 2005) Marx thought that workers would see that they were exploited this would lead to a deep, inescapable conflict between workers and owners.  Marx predicted that with the development of capitalism, the bourgeoisie would become richer, and the proletariat poorer.  The conflict would intensify, and in the end the workers would make a revolution, the revolution would be worldwide, leading to the overthrow of capitalism and the transition to socialism.   Marxs prediction was wrong: capitalism has not led to results that he expected.  First of all, government and the capitalists themselves began to pay more attention to the needs and demands of the workers due to political pressure and through the system of collective bargaining: now workers in the U.S. have high salaries and bonuses, in addition, they receive unemployment benefits. 7. What parallels exists in the ideologies used to maintain different racial and gender categories as separate status groups? What is your position on Durkheims prediction that the use of race and gender for positioning individuals in occupations will be eliminated someday? One of the earliest explanations of inequality due to gender or race was proposed by Emile Durkheim.  In the paper On the division of social labor (1893) Durkheim concluded that in all societies, some activities are considered more important than others.  In a society highly valued the achievement of religious salvation, that was characteristic of Puritans in colonial times.  Another company may consider the social value of material wealth.  All the functions of society law, religion, family, work, etc.  can form a hierarchy according to how highly they are valued. This view is expressed by Durkheim in his famous remark:   When I realize my duty brother, husband or a citizen, then I perform the obligations prescribed by law and custom and which are external to me and my actionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Similarly, a believer from birth detects in the ready-made form of beliefs and practices of religious life  and, if they existed before him. Therefore, they exist outside of it. The system of symbols that I use. aphid expression, monetary system, which I use for payment of debts, credit facilities, which I use in their commercial activities, procedures  which I follow because of their profession all these and similar things operate, regardless of my usage. In turn, if we turn to each member of society, then those comments are true for each of them. (Durkheim, 1964) I dont agree with his position, because society is a set of multiple identities?  If we study a certain group, we see not a collective entity, but only a group of individuals interacting with each other in different ways. 8. Discuss the common threads in the arguments on inequality found in each of the classical theorists. On what do they agree of disagree? In contemporary Western, especially American, sociology, social scientists hold several opposing views on inequality.  At the heart of the functionalist theories is the idea that some activities the society considers it more important than others.  Proponents of these theories, inequality is a means of ensuring public confidence in the fact that such activities, carried out the most qualified individuals.   Supporters of Conflictological theories suggest that inequality is due to more favorable position of those who control the social wealth.  Their views are based on the theory of classes and social stratification, designed by Karl Marx.  According to this theory, the economic system of any society creates two main classes, one of which operates or controls the other.  (Berberoglu, 2005) In the concept of stratification, Weber identifies three factors: wealth, prestige and power.  These factors are often but not always interact.  The theory of stratification based on the criteria Warner reputation of people within the community.  According to this theory, belong to a particular social class is determined by the members of the community.  (Berberoglu, 2005) In the functional approach we can point out the theory of middle class (or the new middle) class ( Aron, Daniel Bell and others).  Theories of the middle class were a reflection of the quantitative growth of the officials, intellectuals, managers, enhancing social protection and education of workers and several other groups, as well as the convergence of income, consumption and lifestyles of the general population.  According to followers of the theory of the middle class, this process led to the elimination of traditional class distinctions between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat and the social formation of a new social groups, encompassing and unifying value pain majority of the population of industrialized countries its the middle class is.  This includes individuals who possessing family income, education, prestige role in life, lifestyle and identify themselves with this group of society.     According to exit polls, in Western countries for more than half the population (70-80%) identify themselves as middle class.  Formation of the middle class society provides a high level of social homogeneity, smooths or even eliminate class conflicts, helps to reconcile the positions of parties, trade unions, etc.  (Berberoglu, 2005)